Table 3. Unconditional QTL detected for kernel-related traits in the immortalized F₂ population.

Year	Location	Traita	QTLb	Markers interval	LODc	Ad	Dd	Effectse	R2 (%)f
2009	Zhengzhou	KL	qKL5a	umc1221-umc1155	5.9	−0.042	0.012	PD	14.1
		KL	qKL10	bnlg1185-umc2021	4.11	0.029	−0.005	A	9.9
		KWI	qKWI6a	umc1341-umc1912	6.71	0.029	−0.006	PD	17.4
		KWI	qKWI7	bnlg1305-dupssr11	5.58	0.021	−0.003	A	9.3
		KT	qKT8a	bnlg2082-umc2075	4.09	0.009	0.005	PD	6.1
		KT	qKT6a	umc1444-bnlg249	3.84	0.016	−0.005	PD	16.2
		KV	qKV10a	bnlg1450-bnlg1185	6.44	0.014	−0.009	PD	22.3
		KV	qKV10c	phi323152-umc2351	5.81	0.013	−0.007	PD	17.5
		KV	qKV6	umc1341-umc1912	4.22	0.011	−0.003	PD	12
		KW	qKW7a	umc1987-bnlg1305	7.46	0.023	0.003	A	10.6
		KW	qKW10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	4.72	0.019	−0.007	PD	14.9
		KW	qKW3a	bnlg1160-phi046	3.96	−0.015	−0.004	PD	12
		KW	qKW7b	umc1929-bnlg1808	3.92	−0.025	0.006	PD	18
	Anyang	KL	qKL3	bnlg1647-umc2258	4.06	−0.04	0.005	A	11.2
		KWI	qKWI6a	umc1341-umc1912	5.56	0.026	−0.006	PD	15.5
		KWI	qKWI2a	umc1497-umc2380	4.71	−0.023	−0.003	A	11.6
		KWI	qKWI7	bnlg1305-dupssr11	4.01	0.018	−0.002	A	7
		KT	qKT6b	umc1912-phi452963	4.49	0.015	−0.006	PD	21.1
		KV	qKV10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	7.25	0.016	−0.013	PD	26.3
		KV	qKV7a	bnlg1792-umc1929	4.72	−0.016	0.006	PD	17.5
		KV	qKV7b	umc1401–bnlg1380	4.21	−0.013	0.002	A	13.5
		KV	qKV7c	bnlg1305-dupssr11	3.96	0.013	−0.006	PD	15.2
		KW	qKW10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	5.49	0.016	−0.004	PD	16.6
		KW	qKW5a	umc1524-umc1537	4.91	−0.017	−0.001	A	17.3
2010	Zhengzhou	KL	qKL5b	umc1482-bnlg1847	4.17	−0.027	−0.011	PD	6.7
		KWI	qKWI6a	umc1341-umc1912	5.62	0.027	−0.008	PD	17.1
		KT	qKT2b	umc1185-umc1579	6.23	0.014	0.001	A	17.4
		KV	qKV10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	5.86	0.017	−0.011	PD	23.8
		KV	qKV10b	bnlg1450-bnlg1185	6.45	0.016	−0.012	PD	25.6
		KW	qKW7a	umc1987-bnlg1305	6.68	0.021	0.002	A	12.7
		KW	qKW7b	umc1929-bnlg1808	4.98	−0.021	0.003	A	18.9
		KW	qKW10b	phi323152-umc2351	4.15	0.013	−0.005	PD	10.7
	Anyang	KL	qKL3	bnlg1647-umc2258	5.69	−0.046	0.016	PD	16.2
		KWI	qKWI6a	umc1341-umc1912	5.55	0.03	−0.007	PD	18.4
		KWI	qKWI7	bnlg1305-dupssr11	3.82	0.019	−0.001	A	7.7
		KT	qKT2a	phi109642-umc1185	5.83	0.015	−0.001	A	18.2
		KT	qKT8b	umc1360-umc1872	5.39	0.014	0.003	A	14
		KT	qKT1	bnlg439-umc2390	4.01	−0.014	0.014	D	14.7
		KV	qKV10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	5.87	0.015	−0.011	PD	24.9
		KV	qKV10b	bnlg1450-bnlg1185	6.45	0.016	−0.012	PD	22.3
		KW	qKW7a	umc1987-bnlg1305	6.54	0.018	0.002	A	10.5
		KW	qKW10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	4.24	0.019	−0.007	PD	13.5
Joint across environments		KL	qKL3	bnlg1647-umc2258	5.49	−0.046	0.007	A	15.2
		KWI	qKWI2b	umc1185-umc1579	4.4	0.011	−0.002	PD	12.2
		KWI	qKWI6b	umc1912-phi452693	4.07	0.014	−0.007	PD	16.1
		KWI	qKWI6c	umc1444-bnlg249	3.52	0.013	−0.004	PD	12.4
		KT	qKT2c	umc2402-umc1497	3.99	-0.023	−0.004	A	11.2
		KT	qKT3	bnlg1144-bnlg1647	3.53	−0.023	0.022	D	10.4
		KT	qKT6c	umc1341-umc1912	6.3	0.026	−0.007	PD	16.2
		KT	qKT7	bnlg1305-dupssr11	4.44	0.019	−0.003	A	7.5
		KV	qKV10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	8.56	0.017	−0.011	PD	33.2
		KW	qKW7a	umc1987-bnlg1305	6.78	1.619	0.231	A	8.3
		KW	qKW7b	umc1929-bnlg1808	3.83	−2.346	0.591	PD	21.6
		KW	qKW10a	bnlg1185-umc2021	5.82	1.723	−0.802	PD	17.1

Notes: ^a KL, kernel length; KWI, kernel width; KT, kernel thickness; KV, kernel volume; KW, kernel weight;

^bQTL, q + trait abbreviation + chromosome number + QTL number, e.g., qKW7a,corresponds to the first QTL for KW on chromosome 7;

^cLogarithm of odds for each QTL;

^dA, additive values (a positive or negative value indicates that the additive effect was derived from Huang C or Xu 178, respectively); D, dominant values;

^eEffect of each QTL: A, additive; PD, partial dominance; D, dominance;

^fR² contribution.