Table 7. Digenic epistatic effects detected for kernel weight conditioned on four other kernel-related traits and kernel volume conditioned on three kernel-structure characteristics in the immortalized F₂ population.

Trait	Chr-inia	Marker interval	Chr-inja	Marker interval	AiAjb	R2(%)c	AiDjb	R2(%)	DiAjb	R2(%)	DiDjb	R2(%)
KW|KL	9–15	umc1714-umc1982	10–18	bnlg1450-bnlg1185	−0.011**	3.6
	2–11	umc2380-bnlg1329	5–14	umc1722-umc1482	0.008**	2.1					0.023**	0.6
	2–16	bnlg2144-umc1464	7–7	umc1929-bnlg1808			0.014**	1			−0.013*	0.9
	2–17	umc1464-bnlg1520	5–9	umc2159-phi331888							−0.028**	3.1
	2–18	bnlg1520-phi101049	7–5	umc1666-bnlg1792	0.008**	1.2	−0.019**	5.1			−0.014*	0.9
	4–11	bnlg1784-umc1194	9–3	umc1430-umc1037	0.009**	2.2
KW|KWI	3–13	umc1174-umc1773	10–13	bnlg1677-umc1640			−0.012**	2.5
KW|KT	1–26	phi227562-bnlg504	3–15	umc1495-umc2261			0.013**	0.4			0.046**	7.1
	3–1	umc1793-phi104127	10–4	umc1432-bnlg1716	−0.013**	1.6			0.015**	1.9
	6–25	bnlg1600-umc2196	10–15	umc2172-phi323152	−0.009**	1.4					0.033**	6.6
KW|KV	1–7	umc1044-phi339017	4–1	phi072-umc1017	0.013**	8.8			−0.015**	1.7	0.024**	3.5
	1–23	phi308707-umc1553	4–4	umc1288-umc2280	0.007**	1.5					−0.027**	5.5
	1–23	phi308707-umc1553	4–6	umc1945-umc1963			0.007*	0.6
KV|KL	2–8	bnlg1036-umc2402	6–2	phi299852-umc1341			−0.025**	5.4			0.028**	2.7
	2–18	bnlg1520-phi101049	6–19	bnlg1867-umc1444	−0.01**	2.5	0.010**	1.5			0.025**	4.2
	4–6	umc1945-umc1963	7–9	umc1987-bnlg1305	0.005*	0.8	−0.009**	3.7
KV|KWI	1–4	bnlg1429-bnlg1803	10–9	umc2043-umc2122					−0.021**	2.8
	4–7	umc1963-umc1652	4–9	umc1662-bnlg2291			−0.010**	0.6	0.014**	5	0.016**	1.4
	4–7	umc1963-umc1652	7–1	mmc0171-umc1545					−0.007**	2.1	−0.012**	1.9
KV|KT	3–22	bnlg1160-phi046	7–11	dupssr11-dupssr9	−0.014**	4.3					0.021**	1.5
	6–14	umc1006-bnlg1188	7–2	umc1545-umc1401	0.007*	0.03	0.011**	0.1
	6–18	umc2312-bnlg1867	7–2	umc1545-umc1401			−0.021**	2	−0.011**	0.3

Notes: ^a Chr-ini is the first marker interval chromosomal location, and Chr-inj is the second marker interval chromosomal location;

^bThe digenic effect of the two interacting loci; AiAj, the effect of additive-by-additive interaction between points i and j; AiDj, the effect of additive-by-dominant interaction between points i and j; DiAj, the effect of dominant-by-additive interaction between points i and j; DiDj, the effect of dominant-by-dominant interaction between points i and j; a positive or negative epistatic effect indicates that the parental allele or recombinant allele combinations, respectively, increase phenotypic values;

^cContribution explained by the locus pair interaction;

^{d *} p≤0.0005; ^** p≤0.0001;

^eBold indicates the interval is identical to conditional or unconditional QTL.