Figure 2. Oxidative stress in quadriceps muscle is only mildly increased in non-desaturating COPD patients; both patients and healthy controls show significant induction of antioxidant genes after exercise.

A Box plots of the response of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genes to exercise presented as fold induction (post/pre). B Box plot of the exercise-induced fold inductions of catalase, Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD content. C Box plot of the exercise-induced fold inductions of protein carbonylation, tyrosine nitration and malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts. Whiskers indicate minimum and maximum values. AU, arbitrary units. Level of significance: ^*p<0.05 for post vs. pre.