Figure 1.

gnl1-1 and ech, but not trs120-4, are defective in wax accumulation on the cell surface. A, Cryo-scanning electron microscopy of mature stems reveals dense wax crystals on wild-type and trs120-4 stems, while gnl1-1 and ech mutants have reduced wax crystals. Bars = 5 µm. B, Quantification of surface wax load via GC-FID reveals a significant decrease in surface waxes in gnl1-1 and ech, but not trs120-4, relative to the wild type. Values are means of three experiments of three biological replicates each (i.e. n = 9); error bars represent se, and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the wild type and the mutant (Student’s t test, **P < 0.01).