Table 3. Association between operational exposure variables and inappropriate antibiotic treatment in patients without a clinical indication for antibiotics.

	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
Variable	OR	(95% CI)	p-value	OR3	(95% CI)	p-value
Return visit	0.83	(0.69–0.99)	0.04	0.82	(0.61–1.11)	0.21
Medical Officer	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Clinical officer	1.10	(0.93–1.30)	0.27	1.15	(0.79–1.65)	0.46
Nurse	1.25	(1.06–1.47)	0.01	1.33	(0.85–2.09)	0.21
Midwife	1.27	(1.02–1.59)	0.04	1.29	(0.72–2.31)	0.39
Other health provider	1.84	(1.55–2.19)	<0.001	1.86	(1.05–3.29)	0.03
Very high EIR1	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref	ref
Medium high EIR1	1.25	(1.19–1.31)	<0.001	1.22	(0.68–2.20)	0.50
Low EIR1	0.81	(0.73–0.90)	<0.001	0.89	(0.55–1.42)	0.62
Very low EIR1	0.93	(0.76–1.14)	0.47	0.88	(0.43–1.81)	0.74
Antimalarial shortage2	1.43	(1.34–1.53)	<0.001	1.44	(1.02–2.01)	0.04
Antibiotic shortage2	1.08	(1.03–1.13)	0.002	0.96	(0.76–1.21)	0.75

¹Entomological inoculation rate.

²Drug was only available 0–50% of all patient visits in a week.

³Adjusted for patient gender, facility type (private or public) visited, and month of patient visit.