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. 2014 Feb 28;9(2):e90319. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090319

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© 2014 Ibáñez-Gimeno et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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A: Anterior view of right distal arm and forearm bones in supination position. Humeral and forearm axes, the flexion-extension axis (FE axis), as well as the force exerted by pronator teres muscle (, from point A to point B), are represented. is the vertical component of pronator teres force. Point A indicates pronator teres distal enthesis just at the apex of radial curvature. Point B indicates its proximal attachment site, just at the apex of the medial epicondyle, and point B′ is the projection of point B on plane P₃. Planes P₁, P₂ and P₃ are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the forearm axis. P₁ passes through point B, P₂ passes through the most proximal point of the radial head and P₃ passes through point A. Point X is the intersection between humeral axis and a plane perpendicular to the humeral axis that passes through point B. Point C is the most distal humeral point of the humeral axis. Point O is the intersection between plane P₃ and the forearm axis. The dashed circle indicates the zoomed-in area of the right image. B: Detail of the left image. Plane P₂ is represented for a position of full elbow extension (P₂ (180°)) and for a position of full elbow flexion (P₂ (40°)). The variation of this plane is caused by the variation of the carrying angle (λ). This causes a variation in l₁ and in (Δl₁ (λ) and Δ (λ)), which depends on the elbow angle. Angle ω is the angle between plane P₂ (40°) and segment.

Inline graphic — A: Anterior view of right distal arm and forearm bones in supination position. Humeral and forearm axes, the flexion-extension axis (FE axis), as well as the force exerted by pronator teres muscle (, from point A to point B), are represented. is the vertical component of pronator teres force. Point A indicates pronator teres distal enthesis just at the apex of radial curvature. Point B indicates its proximal attachment site, just at the apex of the medial epicondyle, and point B′ is the projection of point B on plane P₃. Planes P₁, P₂ and P₃ are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the forearm axis. P₁ passes through point B, P₂ passes through the most proximal point of the radial head and P₃ passes through point A. Point X is the intersection between humeral axis and a plane perpendicular to the humeral axis that passes through point B. Point C is the most distal humeral point of the humeral axis. Point O is the intersection between plane P₃ and the forearm axis. The dashed circle indicates the zoomed-in area of the right image. B: Detail of the left image. Plane P₂ is represented for a position of full elbow extension (P₂ (180°)) and for a position of full elbow flexion (P₂ (40°)). The variation of this plane is caused by the variation of the carrying angle (λ). This causes a variation in l₁ and in (Δl₁ (λ) and Δ (λ)), which depends on the elbow angle. Angle ω is the angle between plane P₂ (40°) and segment.