Table 1.

Methodological characteristics of the 12 studies included.

Study	Characteristics of the sample	Study population	Dysfunction	Diagnostic validity of symptoms	Diagnostic validity of clinical signs
2006, Marran LF37	299 children (46.1% male, 53.9% female) Age range not specified Mean age: 11.5 ± 0.63 years	19 schools	CI AI
2006, Sterner B38	First examination: 72 children (43 male, 29 female) Age: 5.8–10 years Mean age not specified	School	AI		ROC analysis using symptoms at near as the gold standard
	Second examination: 59 children after 1.8 years (34 male, 25 female) Age: 7.8–11.8 years Mean age not specified				Positive and negative predictive values
2004, Rouse MW39	46 patients with CI (28% male, 72% female) Age: 19–30 years Mean age: 24.3 ± 3.6 years	6 optometric clinics	CI	ROC analysis to test the ability of CISS V-15 questionnairea to discriminate between CI and NBV groups
	46 patients with normal binocular vision (23% male, 77% female) Age: 19–30 year Mean age: 24.4 ± 3.2 years
2003, Borsting EJ40	47 children with CI 62.5% male, 57.5% female Age: 9–18 years Mean age: 11.5 ± 2.2 years 56 children with NBV (54.5% male, 45.5% female) Age: 9–18 years Mean age: 11.4 ± 2.2 years	5 optometric clinics	CI	Sensitivity and specificity for the CISSb score
2002, García A41	69 patients (29 male, 40 female) Age: 13–35 years Mean age: 20.8 ± 4.7 years	Optometric clinic	AI, AE, CI, CE		Sensitivity and specificity analysis
2002, Cacho P29	41 patients with diminished AA 40 patients with normal AA Sex not specified Age: 13–35 years Mean age not specified	Optometric clinic	AI		Sensitivity and specificity analysis
1999, Borsting E28	14 children with CI (8 male, 5 female) Age: 8–13 years Mean age: 10.75 ± 1.8 years 14 children with NBV (5 male, 9 female) Age: 8–13 years Mean age: 11.2 ± 1.75 years	Optometric clinic	CI	Sensitivity and specificity analysis of CIRSc symptom survey and Odds ratio
1991, Dwyer PS4	Sample not used	–	AI, AE, AIN, CI, CE, DI, DE, BExo, BEso
1988, Rutsein RP42	17 patients (6 male, 11 female) Age: 7–39 years Mean age: 17.9 years	University optometric clinic	AE
1988, Chrousos GA45	10 patients (4 male, 6 female) Age: 10–19 years Mean age not specified	Not specified	AI
1986, Scheiman M43	Sample not used	–	DI
1986, Daum KM44	179 patients (69 male, 110 female) Age: 2–56 years Mean age: 19.7 years	Optometric clinic	CI, BExo, DE

NBV: normal binocular vision, AI: accommodative insufficiency, AE: accommodative excess, CI: convergence insufficiency, CE: convergence excess, AIN: accommodative infacility, DI: divergence insufficiency, DE: divergence excess, BExo: basic exophoria, BEso: basic esophoria, NPC: near point of convergence, AA: accommodative amplitude, NFV/PFV: negative/positive fusional vergence, MAF/BAF monocular/binocular accommodative facility, PRA/NRA: positive/negative relative accommodation.

^aCISS V-15: 15-item version of CISS, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey.

^bCISS: 13-item of CISS, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey.

^cCIRS symptom survey: Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study symptom survey.