Table 3.
Diagnostic criteria used for other binocular anomalies.
| Dysfunction | Study | Diagnostic criteria |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms |
Clinical signs |
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| Phoria | NFV | NPC | AC/A | BAF | MEM | PRA | VF | FD curve | |||
| PFV | NRA | ||||||||||
| Convergence excess | 2002, García Aa 41 | Reported without questionnaire | Esophoria at near > 2 Δ. Cover test method |
NFV ≤ 8/16/7 Δ, at least one of three responses of blur/break/recovery | Calculated AC/A > 7/1 | ≤3 cpm Difficulty clearing −2 D (±2 D) |
<+0.25 D | PRA ≤ 1.25 D | |||
| 1991, Dwyer PS4 | Not reported | Esophoria at near = 6 Δ | NFV = 0 blur/break and recovery | ≥6/1 | Diplopia with 10 Δ Base-in | Type 2 curve | |||||
| Divergence insufficiency | 1991, Dwyer PS4 | Not reported | Esophoria at far = 3 Δ | NFV = 0 blur/break and recovery | ≤3/1 | =0 Δ with Base-in | |||||
| 1986, Scheiman M43 | Reported without questionnaire | Greater esodeviation at far than near (values not specified) | NFV diminished at far | Low AC/A | |||||||
| Divergence excess | 1991, Dwyer PS4 | Not reported | Exophoria at far = 5 Δ | PFV = 0 blur/break and recovery | ≥6/1 | =0 Δ with Base-out | |||||
| 1986, Daum KM44 | Reported without questionnaire | If the angle at far is ≤5 Δ exophoria, it must be at near at least 4 Δ less exo If the angle at far is ≥6 exophoria, it must be at near at least 10 Δ less exo Cover test method |
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| Basic exophoria | 1991, Dwyer PS4 | Not reported | Uncompensated exophoria at far and near | =4.5/1 | |||||||
| 1986, Daum KM44 | Reported without questionnaire | If the angle at far is ≤5 Δ exophoria, it can be at near between 0 and 3 Δ more or less exo If the angle at far is ≥6 exophoria, it can be at near between 0 and 9 Δ less exo or between 0 and 3 Δ more exo Cover test method |
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| Basic esophoria | 1991, Dwyer PS4 | Not reported | Uncompensated esophoria at far and near | =4.5/1 | |||||||
NFV/PFV: negative/positive fusional vergence, NPC: near point of convergence BAF: binocular accommodative facility, MEM: MEM dynamic retinoscopy, PRA/NRA: positive/negative relative accommodation, VF: vergence facility, FD: fixation disparity, Δ: prism diopters.
a
Authors diagnose CE considering esophoria, NFV as fundamental signs and patients must have at least two signs of the remaining four signs).