Phan et al. (2011) |
Unknown |
Nam Dinh province (Red River Delta) |
Faeces of farming household members |
180 |
32.2% FZT egg-positive; 8% did not report eating raw fish; OR = 2.3 for consuming raw fish (vs. no consumption); OR = 3.6 for eating raw fish in restaurants vs. eating raw fish at home |
De (2004) |
1976–2002 |
15 provinces all over the country |
Healthy individuals, domestic dogs and cats |
~30,000 |
Overall 21% FZT egg-positive for C. siniensis/O. viverrini. Highest in Nam Dinh (37.5%) and lowest in Thai Binh (0.2%). Prevalence 3 times higher among men. Peak in 40-50 years. Prevalence in dogs (28.6%) and 64.2% in cats. 7/10 species of fresh water fish infected with metacercaria |
Kino et al. (1998) |
1997 |
Ninh Binh province (Red River Delta) |
Faeces from healthy individuals; tissues of farmed fish |
306 |
13.7% FZT egg-positive for C. siniensis; Males higher prevalence than females (23 vs. 1.5%); prevalence increase with age; prevalence of metacercaria in silver carp >56%; prevalence of cercaria among Melanoides tuberculatus snails (13%) |
Dang et al. (2008) |
1999/2000 |
Ninh Binh province (Red River Delta) |
Faeces from healthy individuals |
1,115 |
26.1% FZT egg-positive; males higher prevalence than females; All adult parasites recovered were C. sinensis; association between FZT positivity and consumption of raw fish |
Olsen et al. (2006) |
2004 |
Nghe An (north-central Vietnam |
Faeces of fish farmers |
964 |
0.6% FZT egg-positive for FZT; 0.7% for Fasciolopsis buski; infection prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm were 34.8, 50.7 and 51.3%, respectively |
Trung et al. (2007) |
2005 |
Nam Dinh province (Red River Delta) |
Faeces of healthy individuals; positive individuals examined for adult parasites after treatment with praziquantel |
615 (33 examined twice) |
65% FZT egg-positive; Among treated and re-examined patients: 51% positive with C. sinensis. Other species identified were Haplorchis pumilio (100%); H. taichui (70%); H yokogawai (3%); Stellantchasmus falcatus (6%); Fascilopsis buski (3%) |
Chi et al. (2008) |
2005 |
North-central Vietnam |
Tissues of tilapia and 6 carp species from 53 fish farms |
716 |
12–61% FZT metacercaria positive species included FZT H. pumilio, H. taichui, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus formosanus, S. falcatus and Echinochasmus japonicus; similar prevalence in nursery and grow-out ponds |
Lan-Anh et al. (2009) |
2005 |
Nghe An (north-central Vietnam) |
Faeces of terrestrial farm species |
35 domestic cats, 80 domestic dogs, and 114 pigs |
48% egg FZT positive (cats); 35% (dogs); 14% (pigs) |
Nguyen et al. (2007a, b) |
2005–2006 |
Nghe An (north-central Vietnam |
Tissues of tilapia and carp fish reared on wastewater-fed ponds |
1,200 |
Overall ~4.8% FTZ metacercaria positive (higher in warmer months). All metacercariae recovered were of the family Heterophyidae. Tilapia and 3 species of carp were infected |
Thu et al. (2007) |
2005–2006 |
Mekong Delta |
Tissues of catfish and snakehead fish |
852 |
31% FZT metacercaria positive; 10% positive for zoonotic species, including O. viverrini (1.9%), H. pumilio (2.8%) and Procerovum spp. (5.6%) |
Anh et al. (2010) |
2009 |
Nam Dinh province (Red River Delta) |
Liver tissues from poultry from 60 fish farms |
50 (chickens); 50 (ducks) |
Identified Centrocestus formosanus and Echnostoma cinetorchis
|
De and Le (2011) |
2009/2010 |
Nam Dinh (Red River Delta) |
Faeces of healthy individuals; positive individuals examined for adult parasites after treatment with praziquantel |
405 (10 examined twice) |
32.2% FZT egg-positive; 29.3% in males and 16.0% in females. 385 adult flukes from 10 patients identified: C. sinensis (14.6%), Haplorchis taichui (32.3%), Haplorchis pumilio (52.08%) and Centrocestus formosanus (1.0%) |