Table 6.
Published surveys of foodborne trematode zoonoses (FTZ) in humans and animals in Vietnam.
| Citation | Study date | Study location | Sample collections | Sample size | Overall prevalence; additional observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phan et al. (2011) | Unknown | Nam Dinh province (Red River Delta) | Faeces of farming household members | 180 | 32.2% FZT egg-positive; 8% did not report eating raw fish; OR = 2.3 for consuming raw fish (vs. no consumption); OR = 3.6 for eating raw fish in restaurants vs. eating raw fish at home |
| De (2004) | 1976–2002 | 15 provinces all over the country | Healthy individuals, domestic dogs and cats | ~30,000 | Overall 21% FZT egg-positive for C. siniensis/O. viverrini. Highest in Nam Dinh (37.5%) and lowest in Thai Binh (0.2%). Prevalence 3 times higher among men. Peak in 40-50 years. Prevalence in dogs (28.6%) and 64.2% in cats. 7/10 species of fresh water fish infected with metacercaria |
| Kino et al. (1998) | 1997 | Ninh Binh province (Red River Delta) | Faeces from healthy individuals; tissues of farmed fish | 306 | 13.7% FZT egg-positive for C. siniensis; Males higher prevalence than females (23 vs. 1.5%); prevalence increase with age; prevalence of metacercaria in silver carp >56%; prevalence of cercaria among Melanoides tuberculatus snails (13%) |
| Dang et al. (2008) | 1999/2000 | Ninh Binh province (Red River Delta) | Faeces from healthy individuals | 1,115 | 26.1% FZT egg-positive; males higher prevalence than females; All adult parasites recovered were C. sinensis; association between FZT positivity and consumption of raw fish |
| Olsen et al. (2006) | 2004 | Nghe An (north-central Vietnam | Faeces of fish farmers | 964 | 0.6% FZT egg-positive for FZT; 0.7% for Fasciolopsis buski; infection prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm were 34.8, 50.7 and 51.3%, respectively |
| Trung et al. (2007) | 2005 | Nam Dinh province (Red River Delta) | Faeces of healthy individuals; positive individuals examined for adult parasites after treatment with praziquantel | 615 (33 examined twice) | 65% FZT egg-positive; Among treated and re-examined patients: 51% positive with C. sinensis. Other species identified were Haplorchis pumilio (100%); H. taichui (70%); H yokogawai (3%); Stellantchasmus falcatus (6%); Fascilopsis buski (3%) |
| Chi et al. (2008) | 2005 | North-central Vietnam | Tissues of tilapia and 6 carp species from 53 fish farms | 716 | 12–61% FZT metacercaria positive species included FZT H. pumilio, H. taichui, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus formosanus, S. falcatus and Echinochasmus japonicus; similar prevalence in nursery and grow-out ponds |
| Lan-Anh et al. (2009) | 2005 | Nghe An (north-central Vietnam) | Faeces of terrestrial farm species | 35 domestic cats, 80 domestic dogs, and 114 pigs | 48% egg FZT positive (cats); 35% (dogs); 14% (pigs) |
| Nguyen et al. (2007a, b) | 2005–2006 | Nghe An (north-central Vietnam | Tissues of tilapia and carp fish reared on wastewater-fed ponds | 1,200 | Overall ~4.8% FTZ metacercaria positive (higher in warmer months). All metacercariae recovered were of the family Heterophyidae. Tilapia and 3 species of carp were infected |
| Thu et al. (2007) | 2005–2006 | Mekong Delta | Tissues of catfish and snakehead fish | 852 | 31% FZT metacercaria positive; 10% positive for zoonotic species, including O. viverrini (1.9%), H. pumilio (2.8%) and Procerovum spp. (5.6%) |
| Anh et al. (2010) | 2009 | Nam Dinh province (Red River Delta) | Liver tissues from poultry from 60 fish farms | 50 (chickens); 50 (ducks) | Identified Centrocestus formosanus and Echnostoma cinetorchis |
| De and Le (2011) | 2009/2010 | Nam Dinh (Red River Delta) | Faeces of healthy individuals; positive individuals examined for adult parasites after treatment with praziquantel | 405 (10 examined twice) | 32.2% FZT egg-positive; 29.3% in males and 16.0% in females. 385 adult flukes from 10 patients identified: C. sinensis (14.6%), Haplorchis taichui (32.3%), Haplorchis pumilio (52.08%) and Centrocestus formosanus (1.0%) |