Table 3.
The influence of maternal health literacy on public program participation from birth through 24 months, adjusted
| TANF | SNAP | WIC | Child Care subsidy | Housing assistance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QIC: 2371.10 | QIC: 1904.94 | QIC: 2077.18 | QIC: 2505.29 | QIC: 1616.97 | |||||||
| Number of dyads: 557 | Number of dyads: 551 | Number of dyads: 556 | Number of dyads: 559 | Number of dyads: 559 | |||||||
| Variable | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | |
| Maternal Health Literacy | |||||||||||
| Inadequate | 0.59 (0.38 –0.93) | 0.022 | 0.70 (0.44–1.12) | 0.135 | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 0.659 | 0.54 (0.34–0.85) | 0.008 | 0.71 (0.38–1.33) | 0.283 | |
| Marginal | 1.04 (0.69–1.57) | 0.839 | 1.02 (0.67–1.54) | 0.935 | 1.54 (0.98–2.42) | 0.058 | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 0.287 | 1.01 (0.60–1.72) | 0.960 | |
| Adequate | Reference | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | |
| Child’s age1 | |||||||||||
| Age (months) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.621 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | <0.0001 | 0.985 (0.973–0.997) | 0.013 | |
| Age squared (centered, months sq) | 0.999 (0.998–1.000) | 0.031 | 0.998 (0.996–1.000) | 0.009 | 0.991 (0.990–0.992) | <0.0001 | 0.994 (0.993–0.996) | <0.0001 | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | 0.548 | |
| Employment2 | |||||||||||
| In school | 2.99 (2.23–4.01) | <0.0001 | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) | 0.252 | 1.55 (1.11–2.17) | 0.011 | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | 0.118 | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) | 0.381 | |
| Employed, part time | 1.62 (1.19–2.21) | 0.002 | 1.11 (0.79–1.54) | 0.552 | 1.71 (1.23–2.38) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.906 | 1.29 (0.88–1.87) | 0.188 | |
| Unemployed, looking for employment | 3.40 (2.59–4.46) | <0.0001 | 1.49 (1.07–2.08) | 0.019 | 1.48 (1.10–2.00) | 0.010 | 0.47 (0.35–0.62) | <0.0001 | 1.22 (0.89–1.67) | 0.225 | |
| Unemployed, not looking for employment | 2.87 (2.12–3.89) | <0.0001 | 1.29 (0.86–1.93) | 0.212 | 1.91 (1.29–2.82) | 0.001 | 0.28 (0.18–0.44) | <0.0001 | 1.60 (1.08–2.37) | 0.020 | |
| Employed, full time | Reference | -- | -- | -- | Reference | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | |
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Married/widowed/divorced | 0.44 (0.27–0.71) | 0.001 | 0.37 (0.23–0.59) | <0.0001 | -- | -- | 0.46 (0.28–0.75) | 0.002 | -- | -- | |
| Single | Reference | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | |
| Number of children1,2 | |||||||||||
| 1.30 (1.17–1.45) | <0.0001 | 1.83 (1.59–2.11) | <0.0001 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 0.079 | -- | -- | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 0.043 | ||
| Income2 | |||||||||||
| Dollars per month | 0.9995 (.9993–.9997) | <0.0001 | 0.9994 (.9992–.9995) | <0.0001 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Supplemental Security Income2 | |||||||||||
| Yes | -- | -- | 1.78 (1.19–2.66) | 0.005 | -- | -- | 1.61 (1.01–2.56) | 0.045 | -- | -- | |
| No | -- | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | |
| Housing situation2 | |||||||||||
| Other living situation | -- | -- | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.006 | 1.49 (1.16–1.91) | 0.002 | -- | -- | 0.56 (0.42–0.76) | 0.0002 | |
| Living alone | -- | -- | Reference | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | Reference | -- | |
| Race | |||||||||||
| Non-African-American | -- | -- | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) | 0.011 | -- | -- | 0.61 (0.42–0.88) | 0.008 | -- | -- | |
| African-American | -- | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | Reference | -- | -- | -- | |
| Education | |||||||||||
| Less than High School | 1.97 (1.42–2.73) | <0.0001 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| High School degree | 1.75 (1.25–2.47) | 0.001 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| More than High School | Reference | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Note: Bold denotes p-value < 0.01. Only results from final models obtained from best subsets approach (the lowest quasi-likelihood information criterion [QIC] statistic) are presented in this table.
1
Child’s age, income, and number of children were analyzed as continuous variables. Child’s age was centered at the child turning one year old. For each income category, the lower endpoint of the category was used.
2
Employment, housing situation, income, number of children, and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) were included as time varying covariates in the models.