Table 1.
List of selected host targeting drugs tested against WNV and DENV.
| Tested host-targeted flavivirus inhibitors | Cellular target/stage in viral lifecycle | Virus | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Host metabolic processes | |||
| Cerulenin | Fatty acid synthases | DENV, WNV | [85,86] |
| C75 | Fatty acid synthases | DENV, WNV | [85,86] |
| Lovastatin | HMG CoA reductase | DENV, WNV | [54,87,88] |
| U18666A | Cholesterol transport | DENV | [89] |
| 25-hydroxycholesterol | WNV | [87] | |
| Methyl b-cyclo Dextrin | Cholesterol transport | DENV, WNV | [87] |
| ETAR, Mycophenolic acid, Ribavirin, ribavirin triphosphate, | IMP dehydrogenase | DENV, WNV | [90,91,92] |
| Brequinar | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | DENV, WNV | [93] |
| 6-Azauridine | OMP decarboxylase | WNV | [91] |
| kotalanol | α-glucosydase | DENV | [94] |
| Castanospermine | α-glucosydase | DENV | [95,96] |
| CM-9-78 | α-glucosydase | DENV | [97,98] |
| CM-10-18 | α-glucosydase | DENV | [97,98] |
| Cyclosporine | Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases | DENV, WNV | [99] |
| IU1 | USP14 | DENV | [100] |
| MG-132, ALLN | Proteasome | DENV, WNV | [13] |
| AZD0530 | Fyn and c-Src kinases | DENV | [101,102] |
| Dasatinib | Fyn and c-Src | DENV | [101,102] |
| SFV785 | NTRK1/ MAPKAPK5 | DENV | [103] |
| SDM25N, Naltrindole | δ opioid receptor | DENV | [104] |
| Narasin | Ionophore | DENV | [105] |
| Ivermectin | Importin α/β | DENV | [80] |
| Viral entry | |||
| Heparin/Highly sulfated heparan sulfate | Entry | DENV | [106,107] |
| Chondroitin sulfate E | Entry | DENV | [108] |
| Fucoidan | Entry | DENV | [109] |
| κ/ι/ν-carrageenan G3d | Entry | DENV | [110] |
| DL-galactan hybrid C2S-3 | Entry | DENV | [110] |
| Pentosan polysulfate | Entry | DENV | [111] |
| Surami | Entry | DENV | [111] |
| PI-88 | Entry | DENV | [111] |
| Neolactotetraosylceramide | Entry | DENV | [106] |
| Immunity targeting | |||
| Gama-interferon | Immune | YFV | [112] |
| Type I interferons | Immune | DENV, WNV | [113,114,115,116,117] |
| Poly (I:C) | Immune | WNV | [118] |
| Autophagy inducing peptide | Autophagy | WNV | [119] |
| 3-Methyl adenine | Autophagy | DENV | [53,120,121] |
| Pathogenesis targeting | |||
| UK-74,505 | Antagonist of PAFR | DENV | [122] |
| PCA-4246 | Antagonist of PAF | DENV | [122] |
| Anti-IL10 | Pathogenesis | WNV | [123] |
| NS-398 | COX-2 | WNV | [124] |
| GM6001 | Metalloproteinases | WNV | [125] |
| Cromolyn | Mast cell | DENV | [126] |
| Ketotifen | Mast cell | DENV | [126] |
| Montelukast | Leukotriene receptor antagonist | DENV | [126] |