Table 2.
Arthropod-borne transmission in experimental WNV infections in wild birds.
| Vector species | Host | Transmission arthropod-bird | Transmission bird-arthropod-vertebrate * | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order | Species | |||||
| Class: Insecta | ||||||
| Order: Diptera | Culex pipiens | Passeriformes | House sparrow, Hooded crow | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] |
| Falconiformes | Common kestrel | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] | ||
| Pelecaniformes | Buff-backed heron | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] | ||
| Columbiformes | Palm dove | Yes | No (mouse) | [13] | ||
| Culex univittatus | Passeriformes | House sparrow, Hooded crow | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] | |
| Pelecaniformes | Buff-backed heron | Yes | - | [13] | ||
| Columbiformes | Palm dove | - | Yes (mouse) | [13] | ||
| Culex antennatus | Passeriformes | House sparrow | - | Yes (mouse) | [13] | |
| Culex tritaeniorhynchus | Passeriformes | American robin, American crow, Fish crow, Blue jay, Black-billed magpie, House sparrow, Red-winged blackbird, Common grackle, House finch, European starling | Yes | - | [5] | |
| Falconiformes | American kestrel | Yes | - | [5,66] | ||
| Strigiformes | Great horned owl | Yes | - | [5,66] | ||
| Galliformes | Northern bobwhite, Japanese quail, Ring-necked pheasant | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Columbiformes | Mourning dove, Rock pigeon | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Gruiformes | American coot | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Anseriformes | Canada goose, Mallard | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Charadriiformes | Killdeer, Ring-billed gull | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Psittaciformes | Monk parakeet, Budgerigar | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Piciformes | Northern flicker | Yes | - | [5] | ||
| Culex quincefasciatus | Passeriformes | Cape sparrow, Red bishop | - | Yes (mouse) | [117] | |
| Passeriformes | Hawai`i `amakihi | Yes | Yes, (Hawai`i `amakihi) | [81] | ||
| Culex tarsalis | Passeriformes | House finch | - | Yes (House finch) | [116] | |
| Order: Hemiptera | Oeciacus vicarius | Passeriformes | Cliff swallow | - | No (Cliff swallow) | [97] |
| Class: Arachnida | ||||||
| Order: Acari | Ixodes pacificus | Passeriformes | Song sparrow | - | No (Song sparrow) | [120] |
* In brackets are indicated the vertebrate animals assayed in the “bird-arthropod-vertebrate” transmission trials.