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. 2014 Mar 3;8:24. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00024

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Copyright © 2014 Russo, D'Andola, Portone, Lacquaniti and d'Avella.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Example of endpoint speed, velocity, joint angles and torques. Example of endpoint trajectories, end-point speed profiles, joint angles, joint angular velocities, gravitational (light gray) and dynamic (dark gray) torques for eight center-out movements in the frontal plane of subject 1 (mean across repetitions of each movement). Vertical dashed lines represent the times of movement onset and movement end. Shaded areas around gravitational and dynamic torque profiles represent ±1 SD around the mean.