Table 1.

Pathogenic Primate Lentivirus Infection Models Used in NHP cART Studies

Macaque species/subspecies	Virus	Comments	Selected References
Macaca mulatta, Indian	SIVmac251	Most widely used “swarm” virus infection, consistent high peak/chronic VLs# in majority of animals, early mucosal CD4 depletion, progressive peripheral CD4 depletion, cART suppression difficult	[7–11]
	SIVmac239	Most widely used clonal virus infection, consistent high peak/chronic VLs in majority of animals, early mucosal CD4 depletion, progressive peripheral CD4 depletion, cART suppression difficult	[12–14], Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, unpublished data
	SIVsmE660	Widely used “swarm” virus infection, high peak VLs, chronic viral loads high in animals with permissive TRIM5 genotype/controlled in restrictive TRIM5 genotypes, early mucosal CD4 depletion and progressive peripheral CD4 depletion in permissive TRIM5 genotypes, cART suppression currently under evaluation	Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, unpublished data
	RT-SHIV239	Most widely used RT-SHIV, high peak/variable chronic VLs, limited pathogenesis data, cART suppression achievable with NNRTI-containing 3 drug regimen	[15–18]
	SIVagm.sab92018	Characterized by spontaneous control of infection in the absence of cART, persistent control of viremia, which rebounds upon CD8 depletion, proposed as potential model for interventions targeting residual virus	[19]
Macaca mulatta, Chinese	SIVmac239	More limited use than Indian Macaca mulatta, acute/chronic VLs lower than in SIVmac239/251 infected Indian rhesus, mucosal CD4 depletion less extensive, delayed peripheral CD4 depletion, cART suppression achievable with 2–3 drugs	[20*, 21]
Macaca nemestrina	SIV/17E-Fr	Limited use alone, macrophage-tropic CD4-independent virus, high peak VLs, spontaneous control/low chronic VLs, limited pathogenesis data, cART suppression achievable with 2–3 drugs	[22, 23]
	SIV/17E-Fr + SIV/deltaB670	Combination infection with clone (17E-Fr) and “swarm” (deltaB670) viruses, high peak/chronic VLs, highly accelererated disease with rapid peripheral CD4 depletion, near universal early CNS disease, cART suppression difficult, especially if started more than 2 wks post-infection	[24–28*, 29]
	RT-SHIVmne	Limited use, high peak VLs, variable chronic VLs, limited pathogenesis data, cART suppression achievable in subset of animals with NNRTI-containing 3 drug regimen	[30,31*–33]
	SHIV-1157ipd3N4	Limited use, high peak VLs, intermediate chronic VLs, early mucosal CD4 depletion, progressive peripheral CD4 depletion, cART suppression currently under evaluation	Ruprecht RM, Hu SL, personal communication
	stHIV	Very Limited use, requires further development, low peak VLs, spontaneous control of chronic VLs, mucosal and peripheral CD4 spared, protection from infection with 3 drug PrEP##	[34, 35]
Macaca fascicularis	SIVmac251	Limited use, intermediate peak VLs, variable/low chronic VLs, limited pathogenesis data, progressive peripheral CD4 loss in some animals, cART suppression more easily achieved than in Indian Macaca mulatta	[36–38]

^#VLs: Viral loads

^##PrEP: Pre-exposure prophylaxis