Table 2.
Distribution of selected characteristics in the study cases and controls*
| Characteristics | All participants |
Male |
Female |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=217) | Controls (n=427) | p Value | Cases (n=131) | Controls (n=262) | p Value | Cases (n=86) | Controls (n=165) | p Value | |
| Age at interview, mean±SD | 59.61±9.56 | 59.47±9.55 | 0.853 | 60.05±9.93 | 59.86±9.95 | 0.858 | 58.95±8.98 | 58.85±8.87 | 0.928 |
| Education level (%) | |||||||||
| Elementary school or less | 63 (29.30) | 115 (27.00) | – | 18 (13.95) | 35 (13.41) | – | 45 (52.33) | 80 (48.48) | – |
| Middle school | 69 (32.09) | 148 (34.74) | – | 54 (41.86) | 104 (39.85) | – | 15 (17.44) | 44 (26.67) | – |
| High school | 62 (28.84) | 91 (21.36) | – | 41 (31.78) | 61 (23.37) | – | 21 (24.42) | 30 (18.18) | – |
| College or above | 21 (9.77) | 72 (16.90) | 0.031 | 16 (12.40) | 61 (23.37) | 0.053 | 5 (5.81) | 11 (6.67) | 0.341 |
| Family income (%)† | |||||||||
| Low | 50 (23.04) | 90 (21.13) | – | 17 (12.98) | 37 (14.12) | – | 33 (38.37) | 53 (32.32) | – |
| Medium | 112 (51.61) | 208 (48.83) | – | 76 (58.02) | 130 (49.62) | – | 36 (41.86) | 78 (47.56) | – |
| High | 55 (25.35) | 128 (30.05) | 0.454 | 38 (29.01) | 95 (36.26) | 0.271 | 17 (19.77) | 33 (20.12) | 0.606 |
| Ever smoked (%) | 93 (42.86) | 173 (40.52) | 0.569 | 90 (68.70) | 163 (62.21) | 0.206 | 3 (3.49) | 10 (6.06) | 0.384 |
| Ever drank alcohol (%) | 45 (20.74) | 98 (22.95) | 0.523 | 42 (32.06) | 97 (37.02) | 0.333 | 3 (3.49) | 1 (0.61) | 0.084 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean±SD | 23.79±3.65 | 24.16±3.31 | 0.198 | 23.16±3.25 | 23.77±2.89 | 0.06 | 24.75±4.02 | 24.78±3.80 | 0.961 |
| WHR, mean±SD | 0.87±0.07 | 0.87±0.07 | 0.936 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.379 | 0.82±0.05 | 0.83±0.06 | 0.261 |
| Regular physical activity (%) | 94 (43.32) | 207 (48.48) | 0.215 | 49(37.40) | 124 (47.33) | 0.062 | 45 (52.33) | 83 (50.30) | 0.761 |
| physical activity, MET-h/week | 81.58±47.12 | 83.71±43.59 | 0.570 | 66.86±40.33 | 68.00±34.61 | 0.78 | 104.00±48.0909 | 108.60±44.83 | 0.450 |
| History of hepatitis (%) | 74 (34.10) | 25 (5.85) | <0.001 | 57 (43.51) | 16 (6.11) | <0.001 | 17 (19.77) | 9 (9.45) | <0.001 |
| Family history of cancer (%) | 69 (31.80) | 116 (27.17) | 0.220 | 41 (31.30) | 70 (26.72) | 0.342 | 28 (32.56) | 46 (27.88) | 0.441 |
| Family history of liver cancer (%) | 28 (12.90) | 18 (4.22) | <0.001 | 20 (15.27) | 10 (3.82) | <0.001 | 8 (9.30) | 8 (4.85) | 0.171 |
| History of type 2 diabetes (%) | 25 (11.52) | 35 (8.20) | 0.171 | 14 (10.69) | 25 (9.54) | 0.72 | 11 (12.79) | 10 (6.06) | 0.068 |
| History of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis (%) | 35 (16.13) | 11 (2.58) | <0.001 | 26 (19.85) | 10 (3.82) | <0.001 | 9 (10.47) | 1 (0.61) | <0.001 |
*Missing data were excluded from the analysis.
†Family income level (low income for <¥5000/year in the SWHS and <¥12 000/year in the SMHS; medium income for ¥5000 to <¥10 000/year in the SWHS and ¥12 000 to <¥24 000/year in the SMHS; and high income for >¥10 000/year in the SWHS and >¥24 000 /year in the SMHS).
SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study.