Table 6.
Studies related to exposure assessment to cattle allergens.
| Study | Environment/country | Assay | Sampling method | Allergen level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtanen et al. (130) | Stables, Finland | Bovine epithelial antigen | Air samples (stationary) | AM | Range |
| ELISA inhibition | Feeding passage, n = 18 | 350 ng/m3 | 40–2700 ng/m3 | ||
| (pAB) | Manure passage, n = 18 | 730 ng/m3 | 40–9500 ng/m3 | ||
| Ylönen et al. (129) | Stables, Finland | Bos d 2 Sandwich ELISA (mAB) | Air samples (stationary) | AM | Range |
| Stables, n = 19 | 280 ng/m3 | 54–804 ng/m3 | |||
| Hinze et al. (127) | Homes of farmers, Germany | Bos d 2 Rocket immunelectrophoresis (pAB) | Reservoir dust from floor | AM | |
| Barn and living quarters | |||||
| Separated | |||||
| Corridor, n = 17 | 40.6 μg/g | ||||
| Living room, n = 17 | 82.4 μg/g | ||||
| Bedroom, n = 16 | 56.3 μg/g | ||||
| In the same building | |||||
| Corridor, n = 13 | 103.6 μg/g | ||||
| Living room, n = 13 | 112.1 μg/g | ||||
| Bedroom, n = 13 | 150.4 μg/g | ||||
| Berger et al. (131) | Stables and homes of farmers (three groups with different cattle exposure), Germany | Bos d 2 Rocket immunelectrophoresis | Reservoir dust | Median | Range |
| (pAB) | Stables, n = 36 | 20,400 μg/g | 680–55,400 μg/g | ||
| Homes (living room floor) | |||||
| Former contact, n = 10 | 13 μg/g | 3–43 μg/g | |||
| Indirect contact, n = 13 | 148 μg/g | 34–2929 μg/g | |||
| Direct contact, n = 23 | 316 μg/g | 46–4209 μg/g | |||
| Homes (mattress) | |||||
| Former contact, n = 10 | 12 μg/g | 4–381 μg/g | |||
| Indirect contact, n = 13 | 195 μg/g | 15–403μg/g | |||
| Direct contact, n = 23 | 265 μg/g | 31–1268 μg/g | |||
| Zahradnik et al. (128) | Stables and homes of farmers and controls, Germany | Cow hair allergen | Electrostatic cloths (14 days) | Median | Range |
| Sandwich ELISA | Stables | ||||
| (pAB) | Cow, n = 37 | 51,700 μg/m2 | 4760–559,000 μg/m2 | ||
| Goat, n = 6 | 315.7 μg/m2 | 91–701.4 μg/m2 | |||
| Other, n = 14 | 1.2 μg/m2 | <LOD–6.5 μg/m2 | |||
| Homes | |||||
| Cattle farmers, n = 128 | 22.6 μg/m2 | 0.3–900 μg/m2 | |||
| Urban dwellers, n = 32 | 0.2 μg/m2 | <LOD–2.7 μg/m2 | |||
| Williams et al. (132) | Inside and outside of homes nearby dairy facilities, USA | Bos d 2 | Air samples (stationary) | Median | Maximum |
| Sandwich ELISA | Indoor | ||||
| (mAB) | Proximal, n = 16 | 0.12 μg/m3 | 0.97 μg/m3 | ||
| Intermediate, n = 5 | 0.01 μg/m3 | 0.12 μg/m3 | |||
| Distal, n = 12 | 0.01 μg/m3 | 0.03 μg/m3 | |||
| Outdoor | |||||
| Proximal, n = 19 | 0.66 μg/m3 | 1.87 μg/m3 | |||
| Intermediate, n = 6 | 0.17 μg/m3 | 0.29 μg/m3 | |||
| Distal, n = 12 | 0.01 μg/m3 | 0.10 μg/m3 |
mAB, monoclonal antibodies; pAB, polyclonal antibodies; LOD, limit of detection; AM, arithmetic mean.