Table 1.
Characteristics of patients hospitalized for heart failure
| Description | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | p-for-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (HF hospitalizations) | 999801 | 948849 | 946043 | 970085 | 965377 | 931124 | 882364 | 803318 | 802796 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 18 to <45 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 4.5% | 4.3% | 4.1% | 0.048 |
| 45 to <55 | 7.2% | 7.9% | 7.8% | 8.2% | 8.1% | 8.8% | 8.9% | 8.5% | 8.6% | 0.004 |
| 55 to <65 | 13.0% | 13.5% | 14.1% | 14.1% | 13.7% | 14.1% | 14.4% | 14.3% | 14.3% | 0.005 |
| 65 to <75 | 22.9% | 22.7% | 22.0% | 21.5% | 21.0% | 20.4% | 20.4% | 20.0% | 20.3% | <0.001 |
| >=75 | 53.2% | 52.0% | 52.1% | 52.0% | 53.0% | 52.2% | 51.9% | 52.9% | 52.7% | 0.942 |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 45.0% | 45.6% | 46.1% | 47.1% | 48.3% | 48.7% | 48.9% | 49.3% | 49.4% | <0.001 |
| Female | 55.0% | 54.4% | 53.9% | 52.9% | 51.7% | 51.3% | 51.1% | 50.7% | 50.6% | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||||||||
| White | 51.6% | 51.3% | 49.3% | 51.3% | 53.3% | 50.1% | 50.3% | 54.6% | 58.9% | 0.080 |
| Black | 12.2% | 14.1% | 13.7% | 15.0% | 12.0% | 14.9% | 15.7% | 15.3% | 17.2% | 0.019 |
| Hispanic | 5.9% | 6.3% | 8.3% | 6.6% | 6.4% | 7.7% | 6.9% | 6.9% | 8.2% | 0.167 |
| Other | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 3.5% | 4.5% | 5.0% | 0.008 |
| Unknown | 27.7% | 25.2% | 25.8% | 24.1% | 25.5% | 24.3% | 23.6% | 18.8% | 10.7% | 0.009 |
| Primary Insurance | ||||||||||
| Medicare | 75.6% | 76.0% | 76.4% | 75.2% | 76.5% | 75.4% | 74.0% | 73.8% | 73.8% | 0.014 |
| Medicaid | 6.6% | 6.9% | 7.4% | 7.5% | 7.3% | 7.7% | 7.6% | 7.5% | 8.0% | 0.003 |
| Private including HMO | 13.7% | 12.8% | 11.9% | 12.4% | 11.5% | 11.6% | 12.7% | 13.5% | 12.5% | 0.780 |
| Self Pay | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 3.1% | 3.8% | 0.001 |
| No charge | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.003 |
| Other | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.241 |
| Census Region | ||||||||||
| New England | 4.6% | 5.3% | 5.0% | 6.6% | 6.1% | 6.4% | 6.9% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 0.161 |
| Mid Atlantic | 10.9% | 11.7% | 13.0% | 15.3% | 15.8% | 17.4% | 16.1% | 12.2% | 14.0% | 0.215 |
| South Atlantic | 24.2% | 26.1% | 26.4% | 25.3% | 24.9% | 24.4% | 25.0% | 26.5% | 26.7% | 0.340 |
| West South Central | 17.8% | 13.1% | 11.9% | 11.3% | 10.8% | 10.7% | 12.1% | 13.0% | 12.1% | 0.174 |
| East South Central | 6.6% | 7.1% | 8.2% | 7.4% | 7.5% | 7.4% | 5.5% | 6.4% | 5.8% | 0.122 |
| West North Central | 10.8% | 10.5% | 10.5% | 9.8% | 9.4% | 10.4% | 9.4% | 10.3% | 9.9% | 0.133 |
| East North Central | 10.5% | 9.4% | 9.7% | 9.9% | 10.5% | 8.5% | 9.7% | 9.3% | 9.5% | 0.243 |
| Mountain | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.157 |
| Pacific | 13.1% | 15.1% | 13.9% | 12.8% | 13.5% | 13.3% | 13.8% | 14.8% | 14.7% | 0.395 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||
| PCI | 4.3% | 4.5% | 4.6% | 4.8% | 5.4% | 5.9% | 6.4% | 7.2% | 7.2% | <0.001 |
| CABG | 13.7% | 13.5% | 13.1% | 13.3% | 13.5% | 13.8% | 13.6% | 14.0% | 13.9% | 0.111 |
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 0.244 |
| Unstable Angina | 4.0% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 2.5% | <0.001 |
| Chronic atherosclerosis | 47.9% | 48.1% | 48.8% | 49.4% | 50.1% | 49.8% | 50.8% | 52.0% | 52.4% | <0.001 |
| Cardio-respiratory failure and shock | 7.2% | 7.4% | 7.6% | 7.8% | 7.2% | 9.0% | 11.4% | 12.3% | 15.7% | 9.002 |
| Valvular or Rheumatic Heart Disease | 17.7% | 18.4% | 19.2% | 19.7% | 20.8% | 21.2% | 21.6% | 21.0% | 21.9% | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 39.7% | 42.3% | 43.4% | 43.9% | 43.5% | 43.6% | 54.3% | 57.1% | 59.0% | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.031 |
| Renal Failure | 11.7% | 13.2% | 14.9% | 16.8% | 21.8% | 32.7% | 37.6% | 40.8% | 44.4% | <0.001 |
| COPD | 29.1% | 30.1% | 30.5% | 31.2% | 31.7% | 31.5% | 32.1% | 30.5% | 31.1% | 0.064 |
| Pneumonia | 7.2% | 7.7% | 8.1% | 8.3% | 9.7% | 11.8% | 12.9% | 14.0% | 14.6% | <0.001 |
| Diabetes and Complications | 39.8% | 40.5% | 40.7% | 40.5% | 40.3% | 40.5% | 41.8% | 42.2% | 42.8% | 0.002 |
| Protein-Calorie Malnutrition | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 3.4% | <0.001 |
| Dementia and Senility | 5.9% | 6.2% | 6.3% | 6.5% | 6.8% | 7.2% | 7.7% | 8.4% | 8.6% | <0.001 |
| Hemiplegia, Paralysis, Functional Disability | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.6% | 0.132 |
| Vascular or Circulatory Disease | 8.9% | 9.2% | 9.0% | 9.5% | 9.8% | 10.0% | 10.9% | 11.7% | 11.7% | <0.001 |
| Metastatic Cancer and Acute Leukemia | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 0.003 |
| Trauma | 2.2% | 2.5% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 0.415 |
| Major Psychological Disorders | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 0.002 |
| Liver and Biliary Disease | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1% | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass surgery; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HMO, health maintenance organization; HF, heart failure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention