Table 1.

TLR targeting immunostimulatory agents being investigated in animal models.

Immunomodulatory agent	TLR-target	Infectious target	Reference
Pam2Cys	TLR-2	Influenza A virus	Tan et al. (30)
MALP-2	TLR-2	S. pneumoniae	Reppe et al. (26)
Poly IC	TLR-3	L. major HSV-2	Zimmermann et al. (90), Harandi et al. (93)
Poly IC:LC and LE Ply IC:LC	TLR-3	Influenza A virus	Stephen et al. (54), Kende (55), Wong et al. (112), Wong et al. (113)
		Yellow fever virus
		Rift valley fever
		Rabies
PIKA	TLR-3	Influenza A virus	Lau et al. (52)
MPL	TLR-4	L. monocytogenes	Persing et al. (67), Cluff et al. (69), Cole et al. (70)
		Influenza A virus
		F. tularensis
FimH	TLR-4	Influenza A virus	Abdul-Careem et al. (72)
AGP	TLR-4	F. novicida	Lembo et al. (75)
Flagellin protein	TLR-5	S. pneumoniae	Munoz et al. (78)
Imiquimod	TLR-7	HSV-2
CpG-ODN	TLR-9	Influenza A virus	Krieg et al. (114), Zimmermann et al. (90), Elkins et al. (91), McCluskie et al. (96), Jiang et al. (115)
		L. major
		F. tularensis
		HSV-2
Pam2CSK4 and ODN2395	TLR-2 and TLR-9	S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, B. anthrax, S. aureus, influenza A virus	Clement et al. (98), Tuvim et al. (27), Evans et al. (99), Duggan et al. (100)