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. 2014 Feb 10;111(8):2942–2947. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1322356111

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Fig. 6. — Free PSS inhibits caveolin-mediated endocytosis in HUVECs. Uptake of endocytic markers BSA, CTB, and transferrin in the presence of 0.1 mg/mL of free PSS shows that only CTB and BSA uptake is inhibited by free PSS, suggesting that PSS competitively binds to caveolae (A). Lipid PSS NPs were incubated with all different polyelectrolytes (0.1 mg/mL) and analyzed using FACS. Although free PSS and its derivatives PAS and PSM diminish PSS lipid NP uptake, with the more hydrophobic PSS and PAS having the most pronounced effect, no such inhibitory trends are observed in the presence of free PAA and free PVS, suggesting that free PSS and PSS lipid NP are both competing for caveolae on the HUVEC surface (B). The ability of free PSS to inhibit the uptake of PSS and PAA NPs was studied as a function of concentration (C). The threshold concentration of free PSS for inhibition of PSS lipid NP uptake is very low, suggesting a highly competitive binding of the free PSS to the caveolae. The effect of free PSS on the inhibition of PSS lipid NPs was much more pronounced in comparison with PAA lipid NPs, which is consistent with the observed NP uptake behavior.