Figure 2. Sox2, MCM2 and δ-GFAP are increased in specific brain regions in PD-DBS brains.

The figures illustrate Sox 2-positive labeling in the ependymal layer, adjacent to the hypothalamus, of (a) DBS and (b) normal brains (in all figures red = autofluorescent blood cells, green = Sox2 or δ-GFAP). The graph (e) shows the mean numbers of Sox2-positive cells in the ependymal layer in normal (negative), and DBS (positive) brain tissue samples. Overall, the DBS-positive cases show a statistically significant difference in the mean numbers of Sox2-positive cells. Scale bar is equivalent for figures a–d = 100 µm. (c) The figures illustrate δ-GFAP positive labeling in the ependymal layer, adjacent to the hypothalamus of DBS and (d) normal brains. (e–g) Boxplots of the cell count data by group. The bold horizontal lines indicate the group medians. The top and bottom of the boxes represent the 75^th and 25^th percentiles, respectively. An asterisk indicates an outlying data point (a point farther above or below the box than 1.5× the box height). The graph (e) shows the mean number of Sox2-positive cells in the ependymal layer in normal and PD-DBS brain tissue samples. The graph (f) shows the mean number of δ-GFAP-positive cells in the ependymal layer in normal and PD-DBS brain tissue samples. The graph (g) shows the mean number of MCM2-positive cells in the peri-lead region in normal and PD-DBS brain tissue samples.