Table 3.

Changes in student's career awareness, research confidence, and understanding of research processes (n = 27)

		Pre		Mid		Post
Outcome	Item	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	FTa	FCb
Awareness of career options	Awareness of what grad school may be likec	3.41	0.97	3.96	1.02	3.78	0.80	3.70*	1.12
	Awareness of expertise of faculty mentord	3.52	1.09	4.33	0.62	4.22	0.58	11.69*	0.36
	Awareness of various career opportunities availablee	3.00	0.83	3.44	0.93	4.04	0.71	14.97*	0.66
	Awareness of research options in which you could specializee	2.81	1.04	3.33	0.88	4.11	0.80	17.40*	0.56
Research confidence	Confidence in your qualifications for jobs in related fieldsf	3.56	0.89	4.00	0.70	4.26	0.71	8.40*	1.27
	Confidence in your research skills generallyd	3.30	0.91	3.93	0.73	4.19	0.79	19.07*	1.00
	Confidence in ability to succeed in graduate school	3.89	0.85	4.04	0.76	4.11	0.80	1.13	0.90
Understanding of research processes	How to plan a research projectd,g	2.77	1.07	3.73	0.67	3.96	0.82	27.06*	0.27
	How to conduct a research projectd	3.04	1.09	3.89	0.70	4.22	0.70	21.41*	0.14
	Overall understanding of the research processd	3.26	0.98	4.07	0.62	4.04	0.90	11.48*	0.68
	How scientific knowledge is builte	3.44	1.05	3.93	0.73	4.41	0.57	23.00*	0.83
	Understand the nature of the job of a researchere	3.19	0.92	4.00	0.62	4.59	0.57	36.83*	0.32

*p < 0.05.

^aF_T= F statistic for the effect of time.

^bF_C= F statistic for the effect of time by cohort.

^cStatistically significant changes in pre→mid scores only.

^dStatistically significant changes in pre→mid and pre→post scores only.

^eStatistically significant changes across the three time points, i.e., pre→mid→post scores.

^fStatistically significant changes in pre→post scores only.

^gSample size for this item was 26.