Table 2.

Students increase KI after using Science Skills instruction and assessment tools^a

A. Average KI scores
Science Skills assessment	Group 1	Group 2
Pre	1.6	1.8
Mid	1.4	2.4
Post	2.7	2.5
n	19	18
B. Change in individual student's scores
Science Skills assessment	Group	Average (SE)	p Value	Cohen's d
Pre–mid change	1	−0.26 (.21)	0.88	−0.28
	2	0.44 (0.20)	0.021	0.57
Pre–post change	1	1.1 (0.27)	0.00053	1.0
	2	0.67 (0.23)	0.0048	0.70

^a This analysis was done on student responses to question 2 on the Science Skills assessment (“Name three skills that you think are important for doing science well, and explain why you picked them.”). A one-sided paired t test with 18 (or 17) degrees of freedom was performed for group 1 and group 2 changes in average KI scores, respectively. The null hypothesis was that there was no change and the average difference from pre- to midassessment or from pre- to postassessment was 0.