Table 4. Food group contribution to nutrient intake in individuals with T2DM and with ND.
| Food group |
% Contribution to energy |
P-value |
% Contribution to carbohydrate |
P-value |
% Contribution to protein |
P-value |
% Contribution to total fat |
P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
T2DM |
ND |
T2DM |
ND |
T2DM |
ND |
T2DM |
ND |
|||||
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |||||
| White bread and rolls | 2.7 (0.0–7.7) | 6.0 (2.2–10.9) | 0.002 | 4.8 (0.0–14.5) | 11.3 (3.5–18.9) | 0.005 | 2.0 (0.0–5.3) | 5.0 (1.5–9.4) | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.0–1.8) | 1.5 (0.4–3.6) | 0.002 |
| Wholemeal and brown bread and rolls | 6.6 (1.8–11.9) | 4.1 (0.0–9.5) | 0.027 | 11.3 (3.1–21.2) | 6.9 (0.0–16.8) | 0.020 | 5.2 (1.7–10.3) | 4.0 (0.0–8.8) | 0.11 | 1.8 (0.4–4.5) | 1.0 (0.0–2.3) | 0.001 |
| Wholegrain breads | 0.0 (0.0–3.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.005 | 0.0 (0.0–5.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.003 | 0.0 (0.0–2.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.005 | 0.0 (0.0–0.9) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.014 |
| Pasta/rice/grains | 0.0 (0.0–3.2) | 0.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.81 | 0.0 (0.0–6.0) | 0.0 (0.0–5.7) | 0.68 | 0.0 (0.0–1.7) | 0.0 (0.0–1.7) | 0.99 | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.49 |
| Refined breakfast cereal | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.06 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) | 0.09 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.1) | 0.032 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.06 |
| Wholegrain breakfast cereals | 3.9 (0.0–7.5) | 3.4 (0.0–7.3) | 0.74 | 6.8 (0.0–13.3) | 5.7 (0.0–11.1) | 0.17 | 2.7 (0.0–4.8) | 2.4 (0.0–5.3) | 0.56 | 1.2 (0.0–3.5) | 1.1 (0.0–3.8) | 0.33 |
| Biscuits | 0.9 (0.0–3.3) | 0.9 (0.0–4.5) | 0.50 | 1.2 (0.0–4.5) | 1.3 (0.0–5.6) | 0.65 | 0.2 (0.0–1.0) | 0.3 (0.0–1.4) | 0.43 | 0.7 (0.0–3.2) | 1.1 (0.0–4.9) | 0.13 |
| Cakes/pastries/buns | 0.0 (0.0–5.3) | 3.1 (0.0–7.9) | 0.002 | 0.0 (0.0–7.8) | 3.6 (0.0–10.1) | 0.010 | 0.0 (0.0–1.7) | 1.2 (0.0–3.5) | 0.003 | 0.0 (0.0–3.8) | 3.1 (0.0–8.0) | <0.001 |
| Cream/icecream/desserts | 0.0 (0.0–3.7) | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) | 0.69 | 0.0 (0.0–3.8) | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | 0.81 | 0.0 (0.0–1.4) | 0.0 (0.0–1.4) | 0.74 | 0.0 (0.0–5.3) | 0.0 (0.0–4.8) | 0.50 |
| Full-fat milk and yogurts | 0.0 (0.0–1.6) | 2.5 (0.3–5.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–1.6) | 2.4 (0.2–5.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–1.5) | 2.7 (0.3–6.5) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–1.9) | 2.7 (0.4–6.3) | 0.000 |
| Low-fat milk and yoghurts | 2.4 (0.0–5.0) | 1.3 (0.0–4.2) | 0.10 | 2.3 (0.0–5.6) | 1.2 (0.0–4.6) | 0.025 | 4.2 (0.0–8.6) | 2 (0.0–7.4) | 0.23 | 1.4 (0.0–3.5) | 0.7 (0.0–3.2) | 0.52 |
| Cheeses | 1.7 (0.0–3.5) | 1.4 (0.0–3.3) | 0.72 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.060 | 2.3 (0.0–5.2) | 2.1 (0.0–5.1) | 0.67 | 3.0 (0.0–6.2) | 2.7 (0.0–7.3) | 0.31 |
| Sugars, syrups, preserves and sweeteners | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.9 (0.0–3.5) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–2) | 2.2 (0.0–8.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.005 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.039 |
| Chocolate confectionary | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.5) | 0.031 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.4) | 0.07 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.014 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | 0.007 |
| Non-chocolate confectionary | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.003 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.017 |
| Eggs and egg dishes | 1.6 (0.0–3.4) | 1.1 (0.0–2.8) | 0.06 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.38 | 2.7 (0.0–5.3) | 1.9 (0.0–4.9) | 0.09 | 3.1 (0.0–5.9) | 2.5 (0.0–5.6) | 0.37 |
| Butter/full-fat spreads | 3.8 (0.0–9.4) | 2.8 (0.1–6.3) | 0.041 | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.007 | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.08 | 9.1 (0.0–22.9) | 8.1 (0.4–19.1) | 0.31 |
| Lower fat spreads | 0.0 (0.0–2.8) | 0.0 (0.0–1) | 0.15 | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.042 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.60 | 0.0 (0.0–7.3) | 0.0 (0.0–2.7) | 0.28 |
| Oils | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.001 |
| Potatoes including processed/homemade potato | 4.0 (2.4–6.3) | 3.6 (1.6–5.6) | 0.027 | 7.5 (4.5–11.9) | 6.3 (2.7–9.7) | 0.07 | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 1.8 (0.9–3.0) | 0.59 | 0.5 (0.1–3.2) | 0.2 (0.1–1.7) | 0.001 |
| Chipped, fried and roasted potato | 2.8 (0.0–6.0) | 2.8 (0.0–6.1) | 0.85 | 4.2 (0.0–7.9) | 3.7 (0.0–7.5) | 0.78 | 1 (0.0–2.1) | 1.2 (0.0–2.4) | 0.53 | 2 (0.0–5.5) | 3.1 (0.0–8.2) | 0.049 |
| Peas/beans/Lentils | 0.6 (0.0–2.2) | 0.5 (0.0–1.4) | 0.033 | 0.9 (0.0–3.2) | 0.7 (0.0–1.7) | 0.011 | 1.1 (0.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.2) | 0.08 | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 0.46 |
| Other vegetables | 2.0 (1.0–3.7) | 1.7 (0.8–3.1) | 0.09 | 2.1 (1.4–3.7) | 1.6 (0.7–2.7) | <0.001 | 1.5 (0.8–2.5) | 1.3 (0.8–2.4) | 0.49 | 1.4 (0.5–4.1) | 1.6 (0.4–5.0) | 0.83 |
| Fruit | 3.2 (0.7–5.3) | 2.5 (1.0–4.5) | 0.28 | 7.9 (1.7–12.2) | 5.5 (2.3–9.9) | 0.12 | 0.9 (0.2–1.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.40 | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.63 |
| Fruit juices | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.2) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.7) | 0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.001 |
| White fish/shellfish | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) | 0.82 | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.0 (0.0–1.6) | 0.78 | 0.0 (0.0–8.4) | 0.0 (0.0–7.5) | 0.75 | 0.0 (0.0–2.6) | 0.0 (0.0–4.4) | 0.24 |
| Oily fish | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.7) | 0.007 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.09 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–7.7) | 0.008 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | 0.011 |
| Poultry | 3.7 (0.0–6.7) | 3.3 (0.0–6.5) | 0.96 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.1) | 0.001 | 11.1 (0.0–20.7) | 11.0 (0.0–21.6) | 0.67 | 3.3 (0.0–7.0) | 2.3 (0.0–8.1) | 0.43 |
| Red meat | 4.8 (0.0–9.2) | 4.2 (0.0–8.1) | 0.26 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.002 | 11.6 (0.0–21.4) | 12.6 (0.0–21.9) | 0.99 | 7.1 (0.0–14.4) | 5.2 (0.0–9.6) | 0.037 |
| Other meat/meat products | 6.6 (2.8–11.1) | 4.7 (1.8–8.8) | 0.009 | 0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 0.1 (0.0–1.8) | 0.21 | 11.3 (6.7–18.3) | 8.9 (4.3–14.7) | 0.004 | 10.3 (3.6–16.7) | 7.5 (2.2–13.6) | 0.014 |
| Savoury snacks | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.040 | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.14 | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.09 | 0.0 (0.0–1.6) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.053 |
| Herbs/spices/nuts and seeds | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.76 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.78 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.91 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.89 |
| Soups and sauces | 2.5 (0.5–4.0) | 1.3 (0.2–3.2) | 0.012 | 1.4 (0.3–3.7) | 0.9 (0.1–2.1) | 0.007 | 0.8 (0.1–2.0) | 0.5 (0.0–1.2) | 0.008 | 2.2 (0.4–6.6) | 1.6 (0.0–4.0) | 0.032 |
| Savouries | 0.0 (0.0–5.6) | 0.0 (0.0–4.5) | 0.25 | 0.0 (0.0–4.9) | 0.0 (0.0–2.6) | 0.20 | 0.0 (0.0–6.7) | 0.0 (0.0–6.9) | 0.64 | 0.0 (0.0–6.0) | 0.0 (0.0–5.7) | 0.33 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) | 1.9 (0.0–9.5) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–1.7) | 0.002 | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.6) | 0.007 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.000 |
| Low energy beverages | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.002 | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.001 | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.08 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.47 |
| High energy beverages | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.5) | 0.08 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.2) | 0.022 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.46 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.93 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; ND, no diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.
Differences in median % contribution to nutrient intake between the T2DM and ND group were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.