Table 4.
Genes, miRNA and polymorphisms candidates to become biomarkers of CE stroke:
| Genes associated with CE stroke | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate Molecule | Entrez Gene | Sample Size | Reason for Being a Candidate | Ref |
| ENPP2 | 5168 | 33 | Regulates lysophosphatidic acid production. It has Angiogenic properties. | [77] |
| GRM5 | 2915 | 33 | Modulates normal brain function. | [77] |
| LHFP | 10186 | 33 | Involved in cardiac proliferation. | [77] |
| TMEM19 | 55256 | 33 | Cardiovascular development and haematological system function. | [77] |
| EBF1 | 13591 | 33 | Involved in haematological system development and function. | [77] |
| miRNA Associated with CE Stroke | ||||
| Candidate Molecule | Accession Number | Sample size | Reason for Being a Candidate | Ref |
| miRNA-145 | MI0000461 | 32 | Regulates the smooth muscle cells differentiation. Up-regulated in ischemic stroke patients when compared to controls. | [80] |
| miRNA-210 | MI0000286 | 112 | It is strongly linked to hypoxia pathways, and it is up-regulated in response to hypoxia-inducible factors. Decreased expression in ischemic stroke compared with control subjects. | [81] |
| miRNA associated with AF | ||||
| Candidate molecule | Accession number | Sample size | Reason for being a candidate | Ref |
| miRNA-150 | MI0000479 | 10 | Regulates hematopoiesis by modulating stem cell differentiation to megakaryocytes. Lower levels in AF patients than control subjects | [84] |
| miRNA-21 | MI0000077 | 10 | Regulates atrial fibrosis. Increased plasma levels than control subjects. | [85] |
| Polymorphisms Associated with CE stroke | ||||
| Candidate Gene | SNP | Sample Size | Reason for Being a Candidate | Ref |
| PITX2 | rs1906599 | 3548 | Controls cell proliferation in a tissue-specific manner and is involved in morphogenesis. SNP associated with CE stroke. | [86] |
| ZFHX3 | rs12932445 | 3548 | Transcriptional repressor. Regulator of myoblasts differentiation. SNP associated with CE stroke. | [86] |
| CCR5 | - | 478 | δ32 polymorphism (32 bp deletion) associated with lower risk of CE stroke than LAA, SVD and cryptogenic subtypes. | [90] |
*
ENPP2: Ectonucleotide pyrophoshpatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2; GRM5: Glutamate receptor metabotropic 5; LHFP: lipoma HMGIC fusion partner; TMEM19: transmembrane protein 19; EBF1: early B-cell factor 1; PITX2: Paired-like homeodomain 2; ZFHX3: Zinc finger homeobox 3; CCR5: Chemokine C-C motif receptor 5; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; CE: cardioembolic; LAA: large artery aterothrombotic; SVD: small vessel disease.