Table 1.

Characteristics of Individual Studies

Study and PEDro Score	Sample Size		Experimental Intervention		Duration, timing, and frequency of intervention
	Exp	Con		Control Intervention		Outcome tool	Results and p values	Hedge's g
Cheema 20077 8	24	25	Strength training	No intervention	12 wk, during dialysis, 3×/wk	CT	No change in thigh muscle CSA; p=0.40	0.078
Chen 201026 6	22	22	Strength training	Stretching exercises with light resistance bands	24 wk, during dialysis, 2×/wk	DXA	Leg lean mass changed; p<0.001	0.323
Dong 201121 5	10	12	Strength training and nutritional supplement	Nutritional supplement alone	6 mo, 3 sets of 12 reps of 1 RM; just before dialysis on dialysis day	DXA	Leg lean mass did not change significantly; p=0.33	0.146
Johansen 200625 7	20	20	Strength training	Placebo nandrolone	12 wk, 2 sets of 10 reps of each exercise during dialysis	MRI	Change in quadriceps muscle area was significant; p=0.02	0.362
Kopple 200627 4	ET-10 ST-15 EST-12	14	Endurance training, Strength training Endurance and strength training	No exercises	21 wk, ET-during first 60 min of dialysis ST—just before dialysis EST—as above, 3×/wk	DXA, BIS	Significant change in FFM between pre and post measurements in the ET, ST, EST and controls as measured with DXA, p<0.05 Non-significant when measured with BIS for the three exercising groups combined	BIS: 0.724; DXA: 0.527 BIS: 0.144; DXA: 0.059 BIS: 0.124; DXA: 0.235

Exp=experimental; Con=control; CT=computerized tomography; CSA=cross-sectional area; DXA=dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; RM=repetition maximum; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; BIS=bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; FFM=fat-free mass; ET=endurance training; ST=strength training; EST=endurance and strength training.