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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2013 Dec 8;26:69–77. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.11.007

Table 1.

Main Effects: Adjusted regression coefficients*: Associations between family environment variables and adolescent BMI, fruit and vegetable intake and fast food consumption

Family Environment Observed BMI z-score
Adolescent Boys n = 1282 Adolescent Girls n = 1465
Beta
Estimate		 SE p-value Beta
Estimate		 SE p-value
Family Functioning (standardized) −0.03 0.04 0.361 −0.06 0.02 0.02
Frequency of Family Meals (meals/week) −0.03 0.01 0.049 −0.05 0.01 <0.001
Frequency of Family Eating Out (times per week) −0.09 0.03 0.005 −0.05 0.03 0.09
Parent Encouraging Adolescent to Eat Healthfully (standardized) 0.05 0.03 0.186 0.04 0.03 0.17
Parent Modeling of Healthful Eating (standardized) −0.02 0.03 0.630 −0.06 0.03 0.017
Family protective summary scorea −0.02 0.03 0.549 −0.05 0.03 0.067
Daily Servings of Fruits and Vegetables (without potatoes)
Adolescent Boys n =1153 Adolescent Girls n =1343
Beta Estimate SE p-value Beta Estimate SE p-value
Family Functioning 0.09 0.07 0.168 0.13 0.06 0.021
Frequency of Family Meals 0.14 0.03 <0.001 0.14 0.02 <0.001
Frequency of Family Eating Out 0.30 0.07 <0.001 0.27 0.06 <0.001
Parent Encouraging Adolescent to Eat Healthfully 0.30 0.07 <0.001 0.31 0.06 <0.001
Parent Modeling of Healthful Eating 0.50 0.06 <0.001 0.43 0.06 <0.001
Family protective summary scorea 0.28 0.07 <.0001 0.33 0.06 <0.001
Fast Food Consumption (times per week)
Adolescent Boys n =1302 Adolescent Girls n = 1482
Beta Estimate SE p-value Beta Estimate SE p-value
Family Functioning −0.39 0.12 0.001 −0.09 0.10 0.362
Frequency of Family Meals 0.01 0.04 0.814 0.03 0.04 0.418
Frequency of Family Eating Out 1.43 0.11 <0.001 1.44 0.11 <0.001
Parent Encouraging Adolescent to Eat Healthfully −0.60 0.11 <0.001 −0.30 0.11 0.005
Parent Modeling of Healthful Eating −0.54 0.11 <0.001 −0.16 0.11 0.146
Family protective summary scorea −0.87 0.11 <.0001 −0.52 0.11 <.0001
*

Adjusted for age, SES and Race/Ethnicity

a

Family summary score = High family Functioning + High Freq of Family Meals + Low Freq of Eating Out + High Encouragement to eat healthfully + High parent modeling where High and Low are defined by median cutpoints. A higher score indicates more supportive home environments. Total score is standardized.