Figure 3.

Publication dates of key protocols and procedures used in insecticide resistance evaluations for Anopheles. Ace-1R: insensitive acetylcholinesterase G119S mutation; CDC: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; GSTs: elevated glutathione s-transferase; kdr: L1014S and L1014F target site mutations; MR4: Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Centre; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PCR-RFLP: PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism; rdl: dieldrin resistance-conferring chloride ion channel mutation; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase PCR; SNP-PCR: single nucleotide polymorphism PCR; WHO: World Health Organization.