Constitutively active SRF-VP16 induces ectopic Bcl-2 expression, at both the mRNA and protein levels, in undifferentiated ES cells. (A) 81 Srf(−/−), 100 Srf(−/−), 99 Srf(−/+), and E14 wt ES cells were transfected with either a control vector, or vectors encoding SRFΔM-VP16, wt SRF, or SRF-VP16. At 72 h after transfection, total cell extracts were prepared and mRNA levels within the samples were determined by quantitative RT–PCR analysis using primers specific for Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1. Fold activation was calculated by dividing relative mRNA levels of SRF- or SRF-VP16-transfected cells by the respective mRNA levels of control (SRFΔM-VP16)-transfected cells. The graph represents the mean of three independent RNA preparations, including error bars. (B) Transfection was as described in (A), except that only SRFΔM-VP16 (lanes 1 and 3) and SRF-VP16 (lanes 2 and 4) were transfected. Western blotting of whole-cell extracts used either hamster anti-Bcl-2, mouse anti-Bcl-xl, or mouse anti-α-actinin antibody.