Table 7.
The effect of Zinc and Iron on children’s behavior problems (N = 1314).
| Variable | Total Problems (R2 = 0.07) | Internalizing (R2 = 0.04) | Externalizing (R2 = 0.10) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | 95% CI | p | β (SE) | 95% CI | p | β (SE) | 95% CI | p | |
| 1.53 (0.23) | 0.53–2.53 | 0.022 * | 0.69 (0.23) | −0.30–1.69 | 0.095 | 0.49 (0.23) | −0.752–1.49 | 0.174 | |
| Gender: | |||||||||
| Male | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Female | −5.27 (1.18) | −10.31–−0.21 | 0.046 * | −0.01 (0.53) | −2.28–2.30 | 0.991 | −4.43 (0.37) | −6.02–−2.84 | 0.007 * |
| Location: | |||||||||
| City | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Suburb | 8.62 (1.58) | 1.83–15.42 | 0.032 * | 3.28 (0.32) | 1.90–4.66 | 0.009 * | 3.22 (0.95) | −0.88–7.31 | 0.078 |
| Rural | 2.09 (3.77) | −14.12–18.31 | 0.634 | 0.59 (0.87) | −3.14–4.32 | 0.564 | 1.02 (2.12) | −8.12–10.16 | 0.678 |
| Mother’s Education: | |||||||||
| Low (≤9 years) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Medium (9–12 years) | −2.45 (1.42) | −8.58–3.67 | 0.227 | −0.50 (0.84) | −4.12–3.13 | 0.615 | −1.42 (0.35) | −2.91–0.07 | 0.054 |
| High (>12 years) | −4.46 (0.49) | −6.57–−2.34 | 0.012 * | −0.71 (0.55) | −3.09–1.68 | 0.329 | −2.73 (0.55) | −5.10–−0.37 | 0.038 * |
| Family size: | |||||||||
| ≤3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| >3 | −0.97 (0.53) | −3.25–1.31 | 0.209 | −0.12 (0.12) | −0.62–0.39 | 0.424 | −0.56 (0.24) | −1.57–0.45 | 0.140 |
| House Size: | |||||||||
| <100 m2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| ≥100 m2 | −1.19 (0.94) | −5.14–2.86 | 0.333 | −0.09 (0.17) | −0.84–0.65 | 0.649 | −0.96 (0.46) | −2.96–1.04 | 0.174 |
† Defined as zinc <76.5 μg/dL and iron <7.5 μg/dL; * Statistically significant at two-sided p < 0.05 level.