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. 2014 Feb 20;6(2):665–678. doi: 10.3390/toxins6020665

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of indoxyl sulfate on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced leukocyte-endothelial interactions and expression of cell adhesion molecules. (A) Representative phase contrast micrographs showing adhesion of THP-1 cells to 100 pg/mL TNF-α-activated HUVECs with and without indoxyl sulfate (IS+ and IS−, respectively) pretreatment (2.0 mmol/L, 20 h). Arrowheads indicate adhered THP-1 cells (magnification, 200×); (B,C) Adhesion assay (B) and western blot analysis (C) of adhesion molecules in HUVECs treated with various concentrations of IS for 20 h, and then with (+) or without (−) TNF-α (100 pg/mL) for 4 h. Data from the adhesion assay are expressed as mean ± SEM (N = 10). * P < 0.01 vs. TNF (+) IS (−); ** P < 0.001 vs. TNF (+) IS (−). The data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments.