Table 1.
General characteristics of the sample and results of cluster analysis.
| Socio-demographic variables | Categories | Sample (n = 91) |
Cluster 1 (n = 36) |
Cluster 2 (n = 55) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Males | 71 (78.0) | 29 (80.6) | 42 (74.6) | n.s. |
| Females | 20 (22.0) | 7 (19.4) | 13 (23.6) | ||
| Age | Years | 22.4 (5.8) | 23.9 (5.0) | 21.4 (3.1) | 0.005 |
| Civil status | Unmarried | 85 (93.4) | 31 (86.1) | 54 (98.2) | 0.05 |
| Married | 6 (6.6) | 5 (13.9) | 1 (1.8) | ||
| Education | Compulsory school | 45 (49.4) | 19 (52.8) | 26 (47.3) | n.s. |
| High school or higher | 46 (50.6) | 17 (47.2) | 29 (52.7) | ||
| Occupational status | Student/Housewife | 33 (36.3) | 10 (27.8) | 23 (41.8) | 0.05 |
| Unemployed | 28 (30.8) | 8 (22.2) | 20 (36.4) | ||
| Occasional job | 13 (14.3) | 7 (19.4) | 6 (10.9) | ||
| Employed | 17 (18.6) | 11 (30.6) | 6 (10.9) | ||
| Clinical variables | |||||
| Diagnosis in the 12 months preceding contact with the early intervention service | Schizophrenia | 47 (51.6) | 14 (38.9) | 33 (60.0) | n.s. |
| Mood disorder | 8 (8.8) | 3 (8.3) | 5 (9.1) | ||
| Anxiety disorder | 22 (24.2) | 13 (36.1) | 9 (16.4) | ||
| Others | 14 (15.4) | 6 (16.7) | 8 (14.5) | ||
| Already in treatment | No | 43 (47.2) | 22 (61.1) | 21 (38.2) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 48 (52.8) | 14 (38.9) | 34 (61.8) | ||
| Past hospital admissions | No | 48 (52.8) | 13 (36.1) | 35 (63.6) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 43 (47.2) | 23 (63.9) | 20 (36.4) | ||
| Severe agitation in current episode | No | 60 (65.9) | 14 (38.9) | 46 (83.6) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 31 (34.1) | 22 (61.1) | 9 (16.4) | ||
| Severe depression or apathy in current episode | No | 40 (43.9) | 29 (80.6) | 11 (20.0) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 51 (56.1) | 7 (19.4) | 44 (80.0) | ||
| Severe distress, anxiety or phobia in current episode | No | 22 (24.2) | 14 (38.9) | 8 (14.5) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 69 (75.8) | 22 (61.1) | 47 (85.5) | ||
| Alcohol abuse in current episode | No | 78 (85.7) | 24 (66.7) | 54 (98.2) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 13 (14.3) | 12 (33.3) | 1 (1.8) | ||
| Substance use in current episode | No | 69 (75.8) | 21 (58.3) | 48 (87.3) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 22 (24.2) | 15 (41.7) | 7 (12.7) | ||
| Severe poor self-care in current episode | No | 69 (75.8) | 35 (97.2) | 34 (61.8) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 22 (24.2) | 1 (2.8) | 21 (38.2) | ||
| Functional, social or work impairment in current episode | No | 13 (14.3) | 11 (30.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 78 (85.7) | 25 (69.4) | 53 (96.4) | ||
| Severe social withdrawal in current episode | No | 33 (36.3) | 30 (83.3) | 3 (5.5) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 58 (65.7) | 6 (16.7) | 52 (94.5) | ||
| Violent acts in current episode | No | 73 (80.2) | 25 (69.4) | 48 (87.3) | 0.05 |
| Mild | 16 (17.6) | 11 (30.6) | 5 (9.1) | ||
| Severe | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.6) | ||
| Suicide attempt or self-harm in current episode | No | 81 (89.0) | 35 (97.2) | 46 (83.6) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 10 (11.0) | 1 (2.8) | 9 (16.4) | ||
| Family history of mental disorders | No | 40 (43.9) | 18 (50.0) | 22 (44.9) | n.s. |
| Yes | 51 (56.1) | 18 (50.0) | 27 (55.1) | ||
| Delusions or hallucinations | No | 15 (16.5) | 5 (13.9) | 10 (18.2) | n.s. |
| Yes | 76 (83.5) | 31 (86.1) | 45 (81.8) | ||
| Age at first symptoms | Years | 20.2 (5.2) | 22.1 (5.4) | 18.9 (4.3) | 0.01 |
| DUI (estimated on the basis of anamnesis) | Months (median) | 13.4 (20.3) | 11.0 (17.2) | 15.0 (21.8) | n.s. |
| DUP | Days (median) | 63.5 (192.6) | 26.0 (52.8) | 88.0 (262.6) | 0.001 |
| HoNOS Behavioral problems | Mean (SD) | 0.88 (0.8) | 1.46 (1.2) | 0.50 (0.6) | 0.001 |
| HoNOS Mood and physical disability problems | Mean (SD) | 0.87 (0.7) | 0.63 (0.6) | 1.02 (0.9) | 0.05 |
| HoNOS Cognitive and social functioning problems |
Mean (SD) | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.81 (0.8) | 2.10 (0.7) | ns |
| HoNOS Material problems | Mean (SD) | 0.77 (1.1) | 0.70 (1.0) | 0.82 (1.1) | ns |
| BPRS Disorganization | Mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.32 (1.1) | 1.82 (0.9) | 0.05 |
| BPRS Manic/Excitement | Mean (SD) | 1.52 (0.9) | 1.68 (0.9) | 1.42 (0.9) | ns |
| BPRS Psychotic withdrawal | Mean (SD) | 2.84 (1.4) | 2.74 (1.2) | 2.91 (1.5) | ns |
| BPRS Depression | Mean (SD) | 2.57 (1.2) | 2.29 81.1) | 2.75 (1.3) | ns |
| BPRS Negative orientation towards others | Mean (SD) | 2.53 (1.2) | 2.71 (1.3) | 2.41 (1.1) | ns |
| BPRS Psychomotor orientation | Mean (SD) | 2.68 (1.4) | 2.69 (1.4) | 2.68 (1.4) | ns |
| WHO-DAS cognition | Mean (SD) | 1.44 (0.8) | 1.42 (0.8) | 1.45 (0.8) | ns |
| WHO-DAS mobility | Mean (SD) | 0.68 (0.8) | 0.48 (0.5) | 0.81 (0.9) | ns |
| WHO-DAS self-care | Mean (SD) | 0.61 (0.6) | 0.36 (0.5) | 0.77 (0.7) | 0.01 |
| WHO-DAS social interaction | Mean (SD) | 1.44 (0.7) | 1.05 (0.8) | 1.70 (0.6) | 0.01 |
| WHO-DAS daily activities | Mean (SD) | 1.50 (0.9) | 1.38 (0.8) | 1.58 (0.9) | ns |
| WHO-DAS social life | Mean (SD) | 1.36 (0.7) | 1.18 (0.7) | 1.48 (0.6) | ns |