Table 3.

Associations between serum leptin levels and concentrations of reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle

Hormone	Modela	Per 10% increase in leptin (ng/mL)
		% change	95% CI
Estradiol (pg/mL)	Model 1	1.5**	1.1	1.9
	Model 2	1.5**	1.1	1.9
	Model 3	2.1**	1.6	2.7
	Model 4	2.2**	1.5	3.0
Luteal Progesteroneb (ng/mL)	Model 1	0.9	0.0	1.7
	Model 2	1.0*	0.1	1.9
	Model 3	2.0*	0.6	3.3
	Model 4	2.1*	0.5	3.7
FSH (mIU/mL)	Model 1	−0.7**	−1.0	−0.4
	Model 2	−0.7**	−1.0	−0.4
	Model 3	−0.7*	−1.1	−0.3
	Model 4	−0.7*	−1.1	−0.4
Ovulatory LHc (ng/mL)	Model 1	0.7*	0.1	1.2
	Model 2	0.7*	0.1	1.3
	Model 3	1.4*	0.5	2.3
	Model 4	1.2	0.0	2.3
Testosterone (ng/dL)	Model 1	0.6**	0.3	0.8
	Model 2	0.5**	0.3	0.7
	Model 3	0.6**	0.4	0.8
	Model 4	0.6*	0.3	0.9

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone

^*P-value < 0.05,

^**P-value < 0.0001

^aPercent change, 95% confidence interval and p-value were assessed using linear mixed models. Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age; Model 3: Adjusted for age and percent body fat; Model 4: Adjusted for age, percent body fat, and, through the use of inverse probability weights, other reproductive hormones, caloric intake, and physical activity.

^bIncluded progesterone measured in serum collected during the early, mid and late luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

^cIncluded LH measured in serum collected during the late follicular, LH surge, and ovulation phases of the menstrual cycle.