Table 4.
Forward and backward associations (adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) of personality disorders and the persistence of anxiety disorders
| Predictor | Panic Disorder w/ Agoraphobia
|
Panic Disorder w/o Agoraphobia
|
Social Phobia
|
Specific Phobia
|
GAD
|
Any Anxiety
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prediction W1→W2 (N = 218) |
Post-diction W2→W1 (N = 304) |
Prediction W1→W2 (N = 557) |
Post-diction W2→W1 (N = 646) |
Prediction W1→W2 (N = 989) |
Post-diction W2→W1 (N = 945) |
Prediction W1→W2 (N = 2579) |
Post-diction W2→W1 (N = 2758) |
Prediction W1→W2 (N = 746) |
Post-diction W2→W1 (N = 1363) |
Prediction W1→W2 (N = 4010) |
Post-diction W2→W1 (N = 4561) |
|
| Measured at Wave 1 | ||||||||||||
| AAB-1a | 0.96 (0.34–2.74) | 0.45 (0.15–1.37) | 0.68 (0.35–1.32) | 1.39 (0.71–2.74) | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) | 1.25 (0.74–2.11) | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 0.57 (0.31–1.03) | 0.63 (0.33–1.21) | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 1.18 (0.94–1.49) |
| Antisociala | 1.50 (0.43–5.19) | 0.57 (0.08–4.15) | 0.25 (0.08–0.83) | 0.26 (0.08–0.91) | 0.98 (0.52–1.85) | 1.29 (0.59–2.81) | 0.93 (0.55–1.56) | 1.47 (0.92–2.37) | 0.92 (0.43–1.95) | 1.03 (0.44–2.39) | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 1.37 (0.97–1.96) |
| Avoidant | 1.04 (0.39–2.81) | 0.74 (0.14–3.88) | 0.72 (0.20–2.54) | 0.45 (0.08–2.43) | 2.27 (1.37–3.75) | 4.36 (2.50–7.59) | 1.04 (0.67–1.63) | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | 1.12 (0.61–2.06) | 1.70 (0.86–3.38) | 1.53 (1.12–2.09) | 3.15 (2.13–4.66) |
| Dependent | 0.97 (0.27–3.44) | 19.34 (2.85–131.09) | 1.35 (0.12–15.17) | 0.60 (0.02–17.32) | 0.83 (0.29–2.37) | 0.33 (0.09–1.19) | 0.92 (0.39–2.15) | 0.71 (0.20–2.59) | 2.44 (0.93–6.41) | 1.60 (0.58–4.38) | 1.20 (0.63–2.27) | 1.17 (0.51–2.70) |
| OCPD | 2.58 (1.00–6.70) | 1.61 (0.59–4.37) | 1.34 (0.61–2.97) | 1.19 (0.53–2.65) | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) | 1.15 (0.68–1.93) | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) | 1.71 (1.21–2.42) | 1.85 (1.15–2.99) | 2.86 (1.74–4.71) | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 2.20 (1.73–2.80) |
| Paranoid | 1.63 (0.50–5.34) | 0.31 (0.07–1.31) | 1.21 (0.43–3.43) | 1.47 (0.41–5.28) | 0.92 (0.54–1.59) | 2.41 (1.23–4.70) | 1.22 (0.82–1.81) | 2.11 (1.34–3.33) | 0.90 (0.56–1.45) | 1.33 (0.75–2.36) | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 2.50 (1.87–3.34) |
| Schizoid | 0.52 (0.18–1.47) | 1.45 (0.43–4.92) | 0.71 (0.25–2.03) | 1.12 (0.29–4.30) | 0.83 (0.50–1.40) | 1.31 (0.68–2.52) | 0.80 (0.52–1.22) | 0.90 (0.54–1.50) | 1.51 (0.94–2.42) | 1.63 (0.94–2.83) | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | 1.20 (0.85–1.68) |
| Histrionic | 0.47 (0.07–2.97) | 3.23 (0.33–31.51) | 1.94 (0.59–6.34) | 0.84 (0.27–2.60) | 0.94 (0.46–1.93) | 0.86 (0.34–2.19) | 1.08 (0.66–1.78) | 2.63 (1.43–4.83) | 1.09 (0.48–2.49) | 0.96 (0.42–2.19) | 0.97 (0.67–1.40) | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) |
| Measured at Wave 2 | ||||||||||||
| AAB-2a | 3.77 (0.83–17.11) | 2.31 (0.36–14.76) | 0.80 (0.20–3.20) | 1.33 (0.35–5.02) | 1.41 (0.49–4.04) | 0.57 (0.26–1.23) | 1.14 (0.54–2.40) | 1.37 (0.69–2.73) | 1.75 (0.61–5.07) | 0.79 (0.34–1.87) | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) |
| Borderline | 4.55 (1.30–15.91) | 1.19 (0.37–3.80) | 2.62 (1.11–6.20) | 1.85 (0.84–4.07) | 1.91 (1.14–3.19) | 0.72 (0.40–1.27) | 1.60 (1.06–2.41) | 0.63 (0.42–0.93) | 1.91 (1.08–3.40) | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) | 2.70 (2.11–3.47) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |
| Narcissistic | 3.76 (1.11–12.79) | 1.89 (0.48–7.51) | 2.01 (0.79–5.09) | 2.04 (0.91–4.58) | 1.33 (0.72–2.49) | 0.82 (0.44–1.52) | 1.08 (0.74–1.60) | 0.71 (0.48–1.04) | 2.22 (1.19–4.13) | 1.25 (0.69–2.28) | 1.71 (1.26–2.32) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) |
| Schizotypal | 0.14 (0.04–0.56) | 0.22 (0.05–0.97) | 0.82 (0.28–2.36) | 0.53 (0.19–1.51) | 1.77 (1.03–3.02) | 0.92 (0.50–1.69) | 1.74 (1.15–2.64) | 0.80 (0.52–1.22) | 1.53 (0.84–2.77) | 1.01 (0.57–1.79) | 1.79 (1.28–2.51) | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) |
Note. Adjusting for demographics (sex, age and race), Axis I disorders (substance use, unipolar, bipolar, and other anxiety disorders), and all other Axis II disorders. Models with Any Anxiety Disorder as dependent variable did not include anxiety disorders as covariates. GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; AAB = Adult Antisocial Behavior; OCPD = Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
a
Separate analyses were conducted for Wave 1 AAB, Wave 2 AAB, and Antisocial PD. Estimates for all other PDs are from regression including Antisocial PD.