Table 1.

Glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity phenotypes of PGC-1 gain- and loss-of-function genetic mouse models. See text for details.

Tissue	Genetic Model	PGC-1α	PGC-1β	PGC-1α/β	PRC
Whole body	Transgenic	Increased Insulin sensitivity; Glucose tolerance [75]	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Knock-out	Insulin sensitive; lean and hyperactive [22]	No apparent phenotype [23]	n/d	Implantation Lethal [46]
	Hypomorphic knockout	Insulin sensitive and glucose tolerant (HFD only) [24]	No apparent phenotype [25]	Perinatal Lethal [77]
Muscle	Transgenic	Insulin resistant (HFD only) [33]; Increased Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerant (aged and exercised animals)[34]; glucose tolerant (α4 isoform with cancer cachexia)[40]	Not reported[43]	Not reported [78]	n/d
	Knock-out	Glucose intolerant (HFD) [41]	No apparent phenotype[44]	No apparent phenotype [44] and not reported [45]	n/d
Liver	Transgenic	n/d	Not reported[57]		n/d
	Knock-out	Insulin resistant (heterozygote) [53]	Insulin resistant [56]	n/d	n/d
Adipose	Transgenic	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Knock-out	Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance (HFD) [61]	n/d	n/d	n/d
Brain	Transgenic	Not reported[71]	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Knock-out	No phenotype [69]	n/d	n/d	n/d
Pancreas	Transgenic	Glucose intolerance [73]	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Knock-out	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d