Table 4.
GEE Analysis Examining the Relationship Between Continuous Involvement in Sports Participation and Past Year Opioid Use (a)
| Medical Use of Opioid Medication Used on at least 1 occasion during the past year Model 13a |
Medical Misuse of Prescribed Opioids (Used Too Much) Used on at least 1 occasion during the past year Model 14a |
Medical Misuse of Prescribed Opioids (Used To Get High) Used on at least 1 occasion during the past year Model 15a |
Nonmedical Use of Prescribed Opioids Used on at least 1 occasion during the past year Model 16a |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | % (n) | AOR (95% CI) | % (n) | AOR (95% CI) | % (n) | AOR (95% CI) | % (n) | AOR (95% CI) |
| Did not Participate in Organized Sports (n = 266) | 17.3% (46) | 1 [Reference] | .8% (2) | 1 [Reference] | 1.1% (3) | 1 [Reference] | 7.9% (21) | 1 [Reference] |
| Participated in Organized Sports at 1 wave (n = 129) | 20.2% (26) | 1.31 (.789–2.18) | 4.7% (6) | †5.67* (1.18–27.2) | 2.3% (3) | 1.68 (.303–9.30) | 6.2% (8) | .693 (.296–1.62) |
| Participated in Organized Sports at 2 waves (n = 157) | 20.3% (32) | 1.15 (.710–1.87) | 4.5% (7) | †5.58* (1.13–27.6) | 1.9% (3) | 1.35 (.254–7.15) | 10.2% (16) | 1.40 (.678–2.90) |
| Participated in Organized Sports at 3 waves (n = 191) | 29.8% (57) | †1.86** (1.23–2.82) | 6.3% (12) | †10.5** (2.42–45.5) | 3.1% (6) | †4.01* (1.13–14.2) | 6.3% (12) | .928 (.444–1.94) |
| Females | Model 13b | Model 14b | Model 15b | Model 16b | ||||
| Did not Participate in Organized Sports (n = 289) | 34.6% (100) | 1 [Reference] | 8.3% (24) | 1 [Reference] | 3.5% (10) | 1 [Reference] | 13.5% (39) | 1 [Reference] |
| Participated in Organized Sports at 1 wave (n = 169) | 33.1% (56) | 1.08 (.751–1.56) | 7.7% (13) | †.901 (.440–1.84) | 5.3% (9) | .1.73 (.685–4.37) | 14.8% (25) | 1.21 (.704–2.07) |
| Participated in Organized Sports at 2 waves (n = 158) | 37.9% (60) | 1.18 (.824–1.69) | 4.4% (7) | †.613 (.240–1.56) | 3.2% (5) | .944 (.321–2.78) | 13.3% (21) | 1.13 (.631–2.01) |
| Participated in Organized Sports at 3 waves (n = 135) | 34.8% (47) | †1.00 (.679–1.48) | 2.2% (3) | †.307 (.087–1.09) | 0.7% (1) | †.316 (.038–2.62) | 13.3% (18) | 1.19 (.648–2.20) |
Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
(a) All GEE analyses control for grade-level when the respondent participated in the SSLS at wave 1, parents highest level of education, race, a positive screening test result for the DAST-10, and time.
†
indicates a significant difference (p<.05 or lower) between males and females regarding the association between sports participation and opioid use based on the Z-test of equality.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001