TABLE 3.
CASE STUDIES WITH INTERVENTIONS AND FOLLOW-UP
| Reference | Treatment/Intervention | Outcome/Follow-up |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral | ||
| Fleg & Asante, 1983 | Avoid strenuous exercise | No further episodes at 3 months |
| Hirata et al., 1987 | Avoid strenuous exercise | n/a |
| Tamura et al., 1990 | Cardiac pacing and active walking recovery | No further episodes with use of active recovery |
| Tse & Lau, 1995 | Avoid strenuous exercise | No further episodes at 12 months |
| van den Berg et al., 1995 | Avoid strenuous exercise | n/a |
| Crisafulli et al., 2000 | Active recovery after exercise | n/a |
| Thijs et al., 2003 | Ingest 1000 ml water, 15 min prior to exercise | No further episodes with use of countermeasure at 2 months |
| Krediet et al., 2005 | Instruction to try squatting, leg-crossing, leg-buttock- abdominal muscle tensing, and drinking water | No further episodes with use of physical countermeasures at 4 months |
| Krediet et al., 2006 | Active recovery after exercise | No further episodes at 5 years |
| Krediet et al., 2006 | Avoid strenuous exercise | No further episodes at 9 months |
| Karadag et al., 2007 | Avoid strenuous exercise | No further episodes at 3 years |
| Pharmacological | ||
| Tsutsumi et al., 1979 | β-blocker [20 mg pindolol] | n/a |
| Huycke et al., 1987 | β-blocker [14 mg propranolol IV, then 20 mg every 6 hours for 3 days before exercise testing]; avoid strenuous exercise | No further episodes with avoidance at 1 year |
| Pedersen et al., 1989 | β-blocker [100 mg metoprolol twice daily] | No further episodes at long-term follow up |
| Osswald et al., 1994 | Anti-arrhythmic/anti-muscarinc [disopyramide] | No further episodes at 38 months |
| Osswald et al., 1994 | β-blocker [25 mg atenolol daily] | No further episodes at 9 months |
| Pacemaker | ||
| Kapoor, 1989 | Dual-chamber permanent pacemaker | No further episodes at 4 year |
| Lowe et al., 2000 | Dual-chamber permanent pacemaker | Some pre-syncopal symptoms after exercise, but no measurable hypotension |
| Ziegelstein, 2004 | Dual-chamber permanent pacemaker | No further episodes at 2 years |
| Dockery & Newman, 2007 | Dual-chamber permanent pacemaker | No further episodes |
| van den Berg et al., 1995 | Rate-responsive [QT] VVI pacemaker | Asymptomatic with exercise |
| Karadag et al., 2007 | Dual-chamber permanent pacemaker | No further episodes at 26 months |
| Karadag et al., 2007 | Dual-chamber permanent pacemaker | No further episodes at 12 months |