Table 3.
Impact of Cumulative Trauma Exposure on PTSD Symptom Severity: Standardized Coefficients by Step (n = 2,515)
| Variables | Step 1 Demographics |
Step 2 Personality |
Step 3 Social support |
Step 4 Event centrality |
Step 5 Cumulative exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | .01 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .01 |
| Gender | .16*** | .11*** | .11*** | .04* | .05** |
| Income | −.08*** | −.05* | −.04 | −.01 | .00 |
| Marital status | −.11*** | −.07*** | −.05* | −.02 | −.01 |
| Agreeableness | −.10*** | −.08*** | −.07*** | −.04* | |
| Conscientiousness | −.08*** | −.06** | −.06*** | −.06*** | |
| Extraversion | −.03 | −.01 | −.02 | −.03 | |
| Neuroticism | .28*** | .26*** | .17*** | .17*** | |
| Openness | .07*** | .07*** | .03 | .00 | |
| Social support | −.16*** | −.14*** | −.13*** | ||
| Event centrality | .49*** | .45*** | |||
| Cumulative exposure | .20*** | ||||
|
| |||||
| ΔR2 | .05*** | .09*** | .02*** | .22*** | .03*** |
| R2 | .05 | .14 | .17 | .39 | .42 |
|
| |||||
| F (df) | 34.14*** (4, 2514) | 46.64*** (9, 2514) | 50.19*** (10, 2514) | 143.50*** (11, 2514) | 151.54*** (12, 2514) |
Note. Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female. Marital status: 1 = married, 0 = other.
*
p ≤ . 05,
**
p ≤ .01,
***
p ≤ .001