Testosterone levels prior to and following HPG stimulation in Carolina (filled bars) and white-winged (open bars) juncos. Males significantly elevated circulating T following injection, but the degree of T elevation did not differ between subspecies, and did not differ if males were challenged at the level of the pituitary, with GnRH, or at the level of the gonad, with LH. Figures show means ± 1 standard error. Significant differences denoted by asterisk (*).