Table 2.
Impact indicators, duplicate, and retracted publications of the fifty most productive countries*
| Rank | Country | Total No. of articles | h index | Duplicate items, No. (%) | Retracted items, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
United States |
7,063,329 |
1,380 |
149 (13.7) |
523 (17.4) |
| 2 |
China |
2,680,395 |
385 |
38(3.5) |
272 (9.1) |
| 3 |
United Kingdom |
1,918,650 |
851 |
20 (1.8) |
92 (3.1) |
| 4 |
Germany |
1,782,920 |
740 |
29 (2.7) |
210 (7.0) |
| 5 |
Japan |
1,776,473 |
635 |
43 (4.0) |
326 (10.9) |
| 6 |
France |
1,283,370 |
681 |
35 (3.2) |
41 (1.4) |
| 7 |
Canada |
993,461 |
658 |
38 (3.5) |
67 (2.2) |
| 8 |
Italy |
959,688 |
588 |
36 (3.3) |
60 (2.0) |
| 9 |
Spain |
759,811 |
476 |
22 (2.0) |
37 (1.2) |
| 10 |
India |
750,777 |
301 |
24 (2.2) |
160 (5.3) |
| 11 |
Australia |
683,585 |
514 |
21 (1.9) |
45 (1.5) |
| 12 |
Russian Federation |
586,646 |
325 |
5 (0.4) |
3 (0.1) |
| 13 |
South Korea |
578,625 |
333 |
14 (1.3) |
122 (4.1) |
| 14 |
Netherlands |
547,634 |
576 |
22 (2.0) |
50 (1.7) |
| 15 |
Brazil |
461,118 |
305 |
4 (0.4) |
20 (0.7) |
| 16 |
Taiwan |
398,720 |
267 |
13 (1.2) |
29 (1.0) |
| 17 |
Switzerland |
395,703 |
569 |
20 (1.8) |
24 (0.8) |
| 18 |
Sweden |
375,891 |
511 |
11 (1.0) |
21 (0.7) |
| 19 |
Poland |
346,611 |
302 |
3 (0.3) |
11 (0.4) |
| 20 |
Turkey |
306,926 |
210 |
10 (0.9) |
33 (1.1) |
| 21 |
Belgium |
299,077 |
454 |
10 (0.9) |
10 (0.3) |
| 22 |
Israel |
224,674 |
414 |
13 (1.2) |
20 (0.7) |
| 23 |
Austria |
214,844 |
378 |
7 (0.6) |
12 (0.4) |
| 24 |
Denmark |
208,227 |
427 |
2 (0.2) |
9 (0.3) |
| 25 |
Iran |
202,807 |
135 |
12 (1.1) |
35 (1.2) |
| 26 |
Finland |
190,192 |
372 |
2 (0.2) |
12 (0.4) |
| 27 |
Greece |
180,688 |
266 |
5 (0.4) |
23 (0.8) |
| 28 |
Mexico |
166,604 |
232 |
5 (0.4) |
8 (0.3) |
| 29 |
Czech Republic |
163,740 |
239 |
7 (0.6) |
4 (0.1) |
| 30 |
Hong Kong |
162,812 |
292 |
5 (0.4) |
10 (0.3) |
| 31 |
Norway |
162,390 |
327 |
4 (0.4) |
13 (0.4) |
| 32 |
Singapore |
149,509 |
268 |
2 (0.2) |
20 (0.7) |
| 33 |
Portugal |
138,892 |
234 |
2 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
| 34 |
New Zealand |
129,822 |
282 |
5 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
| 35 |
South Africa |
125,303 |
231 |
6 (0.5) |
7 (0.2) |
| 36 |
Argentina |
118,347 |
222 |
0 (0) |
8 (0.3) |
| 37 |
Hungary |
112,177 |
254 |
2 (0.2) |
7 (0.2) |
| 38 |
Ukraine |
110,291 |
142 |
1 (0.09) |
1 (0.03) |
| 39 |
Ireland |
104,634 |
271 |
4 (0.4) |
4 (0.1) |
| 40 |
Malaysia |
99,187 |
125 |
0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
| 41 |
Romania |
92,264 |
135 |
2 (0.2) |
9 (0.3) |
| 42 |
Egypt |
89,489 |
132 |
3 (0.3) |
21 (0.7) |
| 43 |
Thailand |
82,209 |
167 |
5 (0.4) |
11 (0.4) |
| 44 |
Chile |
68,974 |
194 |
0 (0) |
1 (0.03) |
| 45 |
Saudi Arabia |
58,840 |
124 |
5 (0.4) |
13 (0.4) |
| 46 |
Pakistan |
58,133 |
111 |
2 (0.2) |
9 (0.3) |
| 47 |
Croatia |
57,454 |
143 |
2 (0.2) |
7 (0.2) |
| 48 |
Slovakia |
56,552 |
148 |
1 (0.09) |
0 (0) |
| 49 |
Slovenia |
50,565 |
153 |
0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
| 50 | Bulgaria | 45,348 | 138 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
*The number of documents and the h-index values are obtained from the SCImago Journal & Country Rank Database, where 238 countries are listed. The number of duplicate and retracted items is retrieved from PubMed, based on corresponding author information. The percentages are calculated in relation to 1086 total duplicates and 3000 retractions (as of January 30, 2014).