Table. Disaster-associated fungal infections*.
| Disaster | Reference | Location | No. cases | Fungal organism | Type of infection | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tornado, 2011 | Neblett Fanfair et al. (4) | USA | 13 | Apophysomyces trapeziformis | Soft tissue | 38% all-cause mortality |
| Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, 2011 | Kawakami et al. (5) | Japan | 1 | Aspergillus fumigatus | Pulmonary, multi-organ dissemination | Death |
| Nakamura et al. (6) | Japan | 1 | Scedosporium apiospermum | Lung and brain abscesses | Death | |
| Igusa et al. (7) | Japan | 1 | Pathogen not identified† | Sinusitis and meningitis | Death | |
| Hurricane Ike, 2008 | Riddel et al. (8) | USA | 3 | Unspecified agent of chromoblastomycosis | Soft tissue | Recovery |
| Hurricane Katrina, 2005 | Rao et al. (9) | USA | 1 | Cladosporium sp. | Pulmonary | Resolved without treatment |
| Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 | Petrini et al. (10) | Thailand | 2 | Cladophialophora bantiana | Soft tissue | Recovery |
| Garzoni et al. (11 | Thailand | 2 | Scedosporium apiospermum | Spondylodiscitis, 1; brain abscess,1 | Recovery | |
| Gunaratne et al. (12) | Colombo, Sri Lanka | 6 | A. fumigatus | Meningitis | 50% all-cause mortality | |
| Andresen et al. (13) | Sri Lanka | 1 | Apophysomyces elegans | Soft tissue | Not specified | |
| Snell and Tavakoli (14) | Thailand | 1 | A. elegans | Soft tissue | Recovery | |
| Maegele et al. (15) | Southeast Asia | 1 | Fusarium sp. | Soft tissue, sepsis | Death | |
| 1 | Mucor sp. | Soft tissue | Not specified | |||
| Earthquake, 1994 | Schneider et al. (16) | USA | 203 | Coccidioides immitis | Pulmonary; 6 (3.7%) disseminated | 1.5% all-cause mortality |
| Volcano, 1985 | Patiño et al. (17) | Colombia | 8 | Rhizopus arrhizus | Soft tissue | 80% all-cause mortality |
| Dust storm originating near Bakersfield, California, 1977 | Flynn et al. (18) | USA | 115 | C. immitis | Pulmonary; 16 (14%) disseminated | 7% all-cause mortality |
| Williams et al. (19) | USA | 18 | C. immitis | Pulmonary; 4 (22%) disseminated | 5.5% all-cause mortality |
*As documented in reports with sufficient detail about the number of persons affected, pathogen, and body site. Reports describing cases of post-disaster fungal colonization without infection are not included in the table. Number of cases and percentages are provided when data were available. †Fungal infection diagnosed on the basis of cerebrospinal fluid profile (decreased glucose, high mononuclear cell count, + β-D glucan test result).