Table 3.
Confounding patterns of the association between TV exposure between ages 2 and 5 years and teacher report of bullying involvement in early elementary school
| |
Teacher report (N = 3423) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
TV exposure latent class |
Model 1: Unadjusted |
Model 1 adjusted for maternal socio-demographic covariates a |
Model 1 adjusted for maternal psychosocial covariates b |
Model 1 adjusted for child socio-demographic covariates c |
Model 1 adjusted for child internalizing and externalizing problems d |
||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| |
Risk of being a bully |
||||||||||
| Low |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
|
| Mid-low |
1.07 (0.79-1.44) |
0.66 |
1.00 (0.74-1.35) |
1.00 |
1.07 (0.80-1.44) |
0.65 |
1.05 (0.78-1.42) |
0.74 |
1.05 (0.78-1.42) |
0.73 |
|
| Mid-high |
1.35 (0.98-1.84) |
0.07 |
1.16 (0.84-1.60) |
0.37 |
1.33 (0.97-1.82) |
0.08 |
1.27 (0.92-1.76) |
0.14 |
1.32 (0.96-1.81) |
0.09 |
|
| High |
1.74 (1.22-2.50) |
0.002 |
1.30 (0.90-1.90) |
0.16 |
1.70 (1.18-2.44) |
0.004 |
1.50 (1.03-2.21) |
0.04 |
1.71 (1.19-2.48) |
0.004 |
|
| |
Risk of being a victim |
||||||||||
| Low |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
|
| Mid-low |
1.17 (0.71-1.92) |
0.54 |
1.13 (0.68-1.86) |
0.63 |
1.16 (0.71-1.91) |
0.55 |
1.13 (0.69-1.87) |
0.62 |
1.17 (0.71-1.92) |
0.54 |
|
| Mid-high |
1.11 (0.64-1.95) |
0.71 |
1.03 (0.58-1.84) |
0.91 |
1.09 (0.62-1.92) |
0.77 |
1.00 (0.56-1.76) |
0.99 |
1.09 (0.61-1.92) |
0.77 |
|
| High |
2.38 (1.33-4.28) |
0.004 |
1.93 (1.03-3.66) |
0.04 |
2.27 (1.25-4.12) |
0.007 |
1.94 (1.02-3.44) |
0.04 |
2.20 (1.21-3.99) |
0.01 |
|
| |
Risk of being a bully-victim |
||||||||||
| Low |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
|
| Mid-low |
1.21 (0.88-1.65) |
0.24 |
1.08 (0.79-1.48) |
0.63 |
1.22 (0.89-1.66) |
0.21 |
1.17 (0.86-1.60) |
0.32 |
1.18 (0.87-1.62) |
0.28 |
|
| Mid-high |
1.73 (1.25-2.40) |
0.001 |
1.33 (0.94-1.87) |
0.11 |
1.68 (1.21-2.33) |
0.002 |
1.61 (1.16-2.24) |
0.005 |
1.68 (1.21-2.33) |
0.002 |
|
| High | 2.11 (1.42-3.13) | <0.001 | 1.39 (0.91-2.11) | 0.13 | 1.98 (1.33-2.95) | 0.001 | 1.79 (1.19-2.71) | 0.005 | 2.01 (1.35-3.00) | 0.001 | |
Effect estimates are derived from multinomial regression analysis. Reference group: 'uninvolved in bullying’ children.
aAdjusted for maternal age, education, income and marital status. bAdjusted for parity, maternal symptoms of depression and parenting stress. cAdjusted for child gender, age, national origin, day-care attendance. dAdjusted for child internalizing and externalizing problems. For fully adjusted model see Table 2.