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. 2013 Dec 8;7(1):41–58. doi: 10.1007/s11869-013-0222-y

Table 4.

The equivalent ion (Σcations/Σanions,), neutralization ratio (NR), molar ratios (SO4 2−/NH4 +, SO4 2−/Na+, Cl−/Na+, Mg2+/Na+, K+/Na+), and estimated concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 in the seasons of the year and the heating and non-heating periods in Katowice, Gdańsk, and Diabla Góra

Σcations/Σanions a NRb SO4 2−/NH4 +c [(NH4)2SO4]d [μg/m3] [ex-NH4 +]e [μg/m3] [NH4NO3]f [μg/m3] SO4 2−/Na+c Cl−/Na+c Mg2+/Na+c K+/Na+c
Katowice
 Springg 2.46 1.60 0.37 3.88 1.77 7.80 0.48 0.29 0.04 0.04
 Summerg 0.79 0.39 2.30 2.64 – – 4.40 1.08 0.18 0.15
 Autumng 0.91 0.85 0.81 5.81 0.39 1.72 4.58 2.30 0.13 0.39
 Winterg 0.97 1.07 0.61 9.51 1.65 7.27 3.11 2.06 0.07 0.18
 Non-heatingh 1.58 0.91 0.89 5.22 0.18 0.80 1.24 0.36 0.08 0.08
 Heatingh 0.98 1.02 0.62 7.42 1.27 5.57 2.80 1.88 0.06 0.17
Gdańsk
 Spring 1.69 1.00 0.46 1.90 0.62 2.71 0.55 0.30 0.05 0.04
 Summer 1.06 0.49 1.71 1.61 – – 2.01 0.29 0.08 0.05
 Autumn 1.72 0.66 0.84 2.58 0.13 0.59 0.50 0.17 0.03 0.05
 Winter 1.10 0.98 0.51 5.93 1.58 6.94 2.42 0.94 0.10 0.24
 Non-heating 1.45 0.75 0.98 2.35 0.02 0.07 1.25 0.21 0.07 0.06
 Heating 1.28 0.89 0.54 4.25 0.98 4.32 0.98 0.44 0.05 0.09
Diabla Góra
 Spring 2.20 1.01 0.51 2.11 0.56 2.46 0.47 0.06 0.03 0.05
 Summer 1.21 0.41 2.21 1.32 – – 1.35 0.17 0.05 0.05
 Autumn 1.34 0.57 1.13 2.46 – – 0.92 0.13 0.04 0.06
 Winter 1.19 0.72 0.79 6.69 0.50 2.21 1.28 0.08 0.02 0.06
 Non-heating 1.87 0.71 1.10 2.31 – – 0.74 0.09 0.03 0.05
 Heating 1.22 0.69 0.80 4.69 0.33 1.47 1.16 0.10 0.03 0.06

aThe equivalent ion balance, expressed as the ratio of total cation equivalent to total anion equivalent

bNR = NH4 +/(SO4 2− + NO3 −) where NH4 +, SO4 2−, and NO3 − are in normal equivalents per cubic meter

cMolar ratios

d[(NH4)2SO4] = 1.38[SO4 2−]A if SO4 2−/NH4 + <1 and [(NH4)2SO4] = 3.67 [NH4 +]A if SO4 2−/NH4 + >1

e[ex-NH4 +] = [NH4 +]-0.27[(NH4)2SO4]

f[NH4NO3] = 4.44[ex-NH4 +]

gSpring: March, April, May; summer: June, July, August; autumn: September, October, November, winter: January, February, December

hNon-heating: April, May, June, July, August, September; heating: January, February, March, October, November, December