. 2014 Jan 27;11(2):1312–1340. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110201312

Table 3.

Case-control studies on diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer.

Author	Design	Population	Exposure assessment	Confounder controlled	Statistical method	Job title/exposure	OR	Quantification of exposure doses
Author	Design	Population	Exposure assessment	Confounder controlled	Statistical method	Job title/exposure	(95% CI)	Quantification of exposure doses
Benhamou et al. (1988) [59]	Population based case-control study	1,625 cases and 3,091 controls	Ever employed as professional driver	Age, smoking	Conditional logistic regression	Motor vehicle driver	1.42 (1.07–1.89)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Transport equipment operator	1.35 (1.05–1.75)
						Miner	2.14 (1.07–4.31)
						Farmers	1.24 (0.94–1.62)
Boffetta et al. (1990) [60]	Population based case-control study	2,584 cases and 5,099 controls	Self reported exposure (yes/no)	Age, race, smoking, education and asbestos	Logistic regression	Probable DE exposure	1,49 (0,72–3,11)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
						(≥30 years)	1,49 (0,72–3,11)
						Truck driver	1,83 (0,31–10,73)
						(1–15 years)	1,83 (0,31–10,73)
						Truck driver	0,94 (0,41–2,15)
						(16–30 years)	0,94 (0,41–2,15)
						Truck driver	1,17 (0,40–3,41)
						(>30 years)	1,17 (0,40–3,41)
Brüske-Hohlfeld et al. (1999) [61]	Population based case-control study	3,498 cases and 3,541 controls	Interview on work history	Age, smoking and Asbestos	Conditional logistic regression	DE exposed	1,43 (1,23–1,67)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Buiatti et al. (1985) [62]	Population based case-control study	376 cases and 892 controls	Ever employed job transportation	Age and smoking	Logistic regression	Transportation	1.1 (0.7–1.6)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Taxi driving	1.8 (1.0–3.4)
						Train conductor	1.4 (0.5–3.9)
Burns (1991) [63]	Population based case-control study	5,935 cases and 3,956 controls with colon cancer	Telephone interview on work history, job title	Age and smoking	Logistic regression	Automobile repair	1.56 (0.85–2.87)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Railroad	1.37 (0.70–2.66)
						Bus and truck transport	1.20 (0.82–1.75)
Coggon et al. (1984) [64]	Population based case-control study	598 cases and 1,180 controls	Job in death certificate DME (yes/no)	Age, sex and residence	Logistic regression	High DE jobs	1.1 (0.7–1.8)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Damber and Larsson (1987) [65]	Population based case-control study	589 cases and 1,035 controls	Self reported work history	Age and smoking	Logistic regression	Professional driver	1.36 (0.97–1.91)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
						(>1 years)	1.36 (0.97–1.91)
						Professional driver	1.47 (0.97–2.20)
						(>10 years)	1.47 (0.97–2.20)
						Professional driver	1.61 (1.01–2.57)
						(>20 years)	1.61 (1.01–2.57)
Decoufle et al. (1977) [66]	Hospital based case-control study	Cases and controls were selected among 13,949 patients	Job title	Age and smoking	unclear	Bus driver	1.81 (p < 0.05)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Taxi driver	0.82 (p < 0.05)
						Truck driver	1.07 (p < 0.05)
Elci et al. (2003) [67]	Hospital based case-control study	1,354 cases and 1,519 controls	Job title	Age and smoking	Logistic regression	Driver	1.4 (1.1–2.0)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Elci et al. (2003) [67]	Hospital based case-control study	1,354 cases and 1,519 controls	Job title	Age and smoking	Logistic regression	Highway construction	1.5 (1.1–2.5)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Emmelin (1993) [55]	Industry based case-referent study	50 cases and 154 controls (dock workers)	Job as dock worker. Index for DME exposure	Age and smoking	Conditional logistic regression	Low DE	reference	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Medium DE	1.6 (0.5–5.1)
						High DE	2.9 (0.8–10.7)
Garshick et al. (1987) [68]	Nested case-control study	Deceased railroad workers. 1,256 cases and 2,385 controls	Expert evaluation for jobs, exposure duration	Age, smoking and asbestos	Logistic regression	Railroad	1.55 (1.09–2.21)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
						(>20 years)	1.55 (1.09–2.21)
						DE exposed	1.41 (1.06–1.88)
						(>20 years)	1.41 (1.06–1.88)
Gustavsson et al. (1990) [56]	Nested case-control study	20 cases and 120 controls	Index for exposure level, exposure duration	Age and asbestos	Conditional logistic regression	Index value 1	Reference	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						(0–10)	Reference
						Index value 2	1.34 (1.09–1.64)
						(10–20)	1.34 (1.09–1.64)
						Index value 3	1.81 (1.20–2.71)
						(20–30)	1.81 (1.20–2.71)
						Index value 4 (>30)	2.43 (1.32–4.47)
Gustavsson et al. (2000) [57]	Population based case-referent study	1,042 cases and 1,274 controls	historical measurement of NO₂	Age, smoking, radon	Logistic regression	0–0.53	0.67 (0.42–1.08)	DME was calculated as cumulative NO₂ exposure (mg/m³-year)
						0.54–1.41	1.14 (0.77–1.67)
						1.42–2.37	1.01 (0.67–1.53)
						≥2.38	1.62 (1.13–2.31)
Hall et al. (1984) [69]	Hospital based case-control study	502 cases and 502 controls	Interview on job title	Age, smoking and social status	Mantel-Haenszel	Bus driver	5.5 (0.8–36.0)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Truck driver	1.4 (0.7–2.6)
						Railroad worker	2.6 (0.5–12.8)
						Heavy equipment	3.5 (1.0–11.8)
Hansen et al. (1998) [70]	Population based case-control study	37,597 cases and 37,597 controls	Job title documented in National Bureau of Statistics	Age and sex	Conditional logistic regression	Taxi driver	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	Impossible (exposure level and duration are not available)
Hansen et al. (1998) [70]	Population based case-control study	37,597 cases and 37,597 controls	Job title documented in National Bureau of Statistics	Age and sex	Conditional logistic regression	Bus and truck driver	1.3 (1.2–1.5)	Impossible (exposure level and duration are not available)
Hayes et al. (1989) [71]	Population based case-control study	1,444 cases and 1,893 controls	Interview, motor exhaust-related jobs, employment duration	Age, smoking and study area	Logistic regression	Truck driver	1.5 (1.1–1.9)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
						(≥10 years)	1.5 (1.1–1.9)
						Bus driver	1.6 (0.9–2.8)
						(≥10 years)	1.6 (0.9–2.8)
						Mechanics	1.7 (0.9–3.4)
						(≥10 years)	1.7 (0.9–3.4)
						Heavy equipment	1.3 (0.6–3.1)
						(≥10 years)	1.3 (0.6–3.1)
Kauppinen (1993) [72]	Nested case-control study	136 cases and 408 controls	JEM for job title, DME (yes/no)	Age, smoking	Conditional logistic regression	DE exposed	1.70 (0.55–5.20)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Lerchen et al. (1987) [73]	Population based case-control study	506 cases and 771 controls	High risk jobs ever exposed?	Age, sex, race and smoking	Logistic regression	Engineer and fireman	0.6 (0.1–3.3)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Diesel engine mechanic	0.6 (0.2–2.0)
						ME exposure	0.6 (0.2–1.6)
Milne et al. (1983) [74]	Population based case-control study	925 cases and 6,420 cancer controls	Job title in death certificates	Age and sex	Logistic regression	Transportation	1.1	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Möhner et al. (2013) [51]	Nested case-control study	68 cases and 340 controls	255 measurement of TC value in 1992	Age, smoking, external employment	Conditional logistic regression	1st quartile	reference	Yes (unit: μg/m³-year)
						2nd quartile	0.90
						3rd quartile	1.16
						4th quartile	0.78
Olsson et al. (2011) [75]	Pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies	13,304 population cases and 16,282 controls			Logistic regression	Exposure index > 34.5	1.31 (1.19–1.43)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
Parent et al. (2007) [76]	Population based case-control study	857 cases and 1,882 controls			Logistic regression	DE exposure	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
Pfluger and Minder (1994) [77]	Population based case-control study	Deceased chauffeurs	Job title in death certificates	Age and smoking	Poisson regression	Chauffeur	1.48 (1.30–1.68)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Richiardi et al. (2006) [78]	Population based case-control study	595 cases and 845 controls	Job title, DME (yes/no)	Age, sex, smoking and other occupational exposures	Logistic regression	DE exposure	1.04 (0.79–1.37)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Siemiatycki et al. (1988) [79]	Hospital based case-control study	857 cases and 1,523 controls	Interview on work history, expert judgement on DE exposure	Age, race, social status, smoking and blue/white collar job	Mantel-Haenszel	DE exposed	1.2 (0.8–1.5)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
Silverman et al. (2012) [52]	Nested case-control study	198 cases and 562 controls from 8 mining companies	1,156 measurement of EC value during 1998–2001	Age, sex, race, smokig and history of respiratory disease	Conditional logistic regression	DE exposure	Reference	Yes (unit: μg/m³-year)
						(0–19)	Reference
						DE exposure	0.87 (0.48–1.59)
						(19–246)	0.87 (0.48–1.59)
						DE exposure	1.50 (0.67–3.36)
						(246–964)	1.50 (0.67–3.36)
						DE exposure	1.75 (0.77–3.97)
						(≥964)	1.75 (0.77–3.97)
Soll-Johanning et al. (2003) [80]	Nested case-control study	153 cases and 606 controls	Job as bus driver	Age and smoking	Conditional logistic regression	20+ years of employment	0.63 (0.32–1.14)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
Steenland et al. (1990) [81]	Population based case-control study	996 cases and 1,085 controls	Interview next of kin, longest job as truck driver	Age, smoking and asbestos	Multivariate analysis	Truck driver	1.55 (0.97–2.47)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
						(≥18 year)	1.55 (0.97–2.47)
						Truck mechanic	1.50 (0.59–3.40)
						(≥18 year)	1.50 (0.59–3.40)
Swanson et al. (1993) [82]	Population based case-control study	3,797 cases and 1,966 controls (colon cancer)	Interview relatives, last job title, employment duration	Age, race and smoking	Logistic regression	Industrial maintenance (20+ years)	1.5 (0.8–2.9)	Impossible (exposure level not available)
						Automobile mechanics (20+ years)	1.5 (0.7–3.0)
						Machine operators (20+ years)	1.9 (1.0–3.9)
						Heavy truck driver (20+ years)	2.5 (1.4–4.4)
						Light truck driver (20+ years)	2.1 (0.9–4.6)
Villeneuve et al. (2011) [58]	Population based case-control study	1,681 cases and 2,053 controls	Expert evaluation for jobs	Age, smoking, location, silica and asbestos	Logistic regression	Cumul. expo. 1. tertile	0.93 (0.75–1.17)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)
						Cumul. expo. 2. tertile	1.03 (0.83–1.29)
						Cumul. expo. 3. tertile	1.12 (0.89–1.40)
Wegman and Peters (1978) [83]	Population based case-control study	100 cases and 100 controls of CNS cancer	Tele. Interview relatives on job title	No	Logistic regression	Transportation equipment operator	1.26 (0.28–5.84)	Impossible (exposure level and duration not available)