Table 1.
Characteristics of WHOQOL-BREF and comparison of European immigrants, non-European immigrants with their French counterparts (N = 1559).
| Mean (SD) | Range | Subjects with Minimal Value (%) | Subjects with Maximal Value (%) | Pearson Correlation Coefficient a | European Immigrants b (Regression Coefficient (SE)) | Non-European Immigrants b (Regression Coefficient (SE)) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical health | 76.3 (15.5) | 6–100 | 0 | 5.2 | −3.07 (2.08) | −9.27 ‡ (2.08) | |
| Pain | 4.43 (0.88) | 1–5 | 1.5 | 62.2 | 0.53 | 0.024 (0.12) | −0.301 * (0.12) |
| Independence on medical aids | 4.60 (0.96) | 1–5 | 3.6 | 80.8 | 0.45 | −0.124 (0.13) | −0.117 (0.13) |
| Energy | 3.87 (1.16) | 1–5 | 5.2 | 38.2 | 0.67 | −0.219 (0.16) | −0.619 ‡ (0.16) |
| Mobility | 4.24 (0.87) | 1–5 | 1.3 | 47.1 | 0.50 | −0.086 (0.12) | −0.358 † (0.12) |
| Sleep | 3.49 (1.20) | 1–5 | 9.1 | 21.0 | 0.68 | −0.040 (0.16) | −0.253 (0.16) |
| Capacity for daily living activities | 4.06 (0.91) | 1–5 | 1.9 | 35.3 | 0.76 | −0.061 (0.12) | −0.414 ‡ (0.12) |
| Work capacity | 3.64 (1.09) | 1–5 | 5.5 | 23.2 | 0.66 | −0.276 (0.15) | −0.581 ‡ (0.15) |
| Psychological health | 62.8 (19.3) | 0–100 | 0 .2 | 1.3 | −3.09 (2.60) | −4.79 (2.60) | |
| Positive feeling | 3.77 (1.18) | 1–5 | 6.4 | 33.3 | 0.73 | −0.245 (0.16) | −0.597 ‡ (0.16) |
| Personal belief | 2.24 (1.42) | 1–5 | 46.2 | 11.6 | 0.43 | 0.002 (0.20) | 0.798 ‡ (0.20) |
| Concentration | 3.82 (1.17) | 1–5 | 5.4 | 36.4 | 0.59 | −0.212 (0.16) | −0.276 (0.16) |
| Body image | 3.57 (1.34) | 1–5 | 9.8 | 35.1 | 0.72 | −0.348 * (0.18) | −0.453 † (0.18) |
| Self-esteem | 3.67 (1.14) | 1–5 | 6.4 | 27.1 | 0.73 | −0.996 (0.15) | −0.348 * (0.15) |
| Negative feeling | 3.97 (1.06) | 1–5 | 3.7 | 37.0 | 0.63 | 0.184 (0.14) | −0.239 (0.14) |
| Social relationships | 78.0 (21.1) | 0–100 | 1.0 | 29.1 | 1.40 (2.89) | −15.26 ‡ (2.90) | |
| Personal relationships | 4.06 (1.00) | 1–5 | 3.1 | 39.3 | 0.85 | −0.102 (0.14) | −0.629 ‡ (0.14) |
| Support from friends | 4.17 (0.99) | 1–5 | 3.1 | 46.7 | 0.85 | 0.203 (0.14) | −0.586 ‡ (0.14) |
| Living environment | 75.4 (17.8) | 0–100 | 0.3 | 9.2 | −5.13 * (2.43) | −13.71 ‡ (2.44) | |
| Safety | 3.78 (1.18) | 1–5 | 5.8 | 33.8 | 0.68 | −0.073 (0.16) | −0.486 † (0.16) |
| Healthy physical environment | 3.43 (1.31) | 1–5 | 11.7 | 26.2 | 0.56 | −0.097 (0.18) | −0.468 † (0.18) |
| Financial resources | 3.58 (1.33) | 1–5 | 10.5 | 33.9 | 0.60 | −0.277 (0.18) | −0.275 (0.18) |
| Acquiring information | 3.68 (1.20) | 1-5 | 7.4 | 30.5 | 0.69 | −0.351 (0.17) | −0.749 ‡ (0.17) |
| Leisure activity | 4.24 (1.11) | 1–5 | 4.4 | 58.6 | 0.66 | −0.282 (0.15) | −0.571 ‡ (0.15) |
| Home environment | 4.31 (0.95) | 1–5 | 2.1 | 55.7 | 0.62 | −0.016 (0.13) | −0.804 ‡ (0.13) |
| Access to health care | 4.44 (0.84) | 1–5 | 1.5 | 60.7 | 0.66 | −0.302 † (0.12) | −0.466 ‡ (0.12) |
| Transport | 4.17 (0.97) | 1–5 | 2.8 | 45.7 | 0.62 | −0.135 (0.13) | −0.526 ‡ (0.13) |
Notes: * p < 0.05, † p < 0.01, ‡ p < 0.001. All items and the four domains were considered as continuous variables. a between an item and the score of its domain. b versus French adolescents, via multiple linear regression model taking gender and age into account. Bold types: values significantly different from zero (p < 0.05). Italic types: values close to significance (0.05 < p < 0.10). The four domains physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and living environment had a good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.72, 0.70, 0.62, and 0.78, respectively.