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. 2014 Jan 17;23(3):243–259. doi: 10.1002/pro.2414

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Schematic model of AmpC β-lactamase induction in Gram-negative organisms. The AmpG–AmpR–AmpC pathway as well as the BlrA/BlrB two component regulatory system are indicated. The presence of β-lactams results in excessive breakdown of the murein sacculus and thus in accumulation of muropeptides. This accumulation causes either the activation of AmpR (AmpG–AmpR–AmpC pathway shown on the left) or the phosphorylation of BlrA (BlrA/BlrB two component regulatory system shown on the right); in both situations, there is induction of the ampC gene. LT, lytic transglycosylase; PBP, Penicillin-Binding Protein.