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Risk factors/comorbidities (n = 31)
| No. of patients | |
|---|---|
| Cardiac | |
| Coronary heart disease | 6 |
| Valvular disease | 0 |
| Low output | 0 |
| Vascular | |
| Hypertension | 12 |
| Atherosclerosis | 16 |
| Venous insufficiency | 1 |
| Calcification on X-ray | 17 |
| Pulmonary | |
| Smoker | 6 |
| Fibrosis | 0 |
| COPD | 8 |
| Asthma | 3 |
| Osteophytes | 23 |
| Previous abdominal surgery | |
| Bowel/abdominal | 4 |
| Gynaecological | 6 |
| Great vessels/retroperitoneal | 0 |
