Table 4. Hierarchical logistic regression on poor self-rated health (Odds ratio).
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
| Age group ( ref: 50 s ) | |||||
| 60 s | 1.72 (1.35, 2.20) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.39) |
| 70 s + | 3.02 (2.29, 3.97) | 1.86 (1.37, 2.52) | 1.21 (0.85, 1.72) | 1.21 (0.85, 1.73) | 1.24 (0.87, 1.77) |
| Male | 0.96 (0.76, 1.20) | 1.43 (1.11, 1.85) | 1.64 (1.24, 2.16) | 1.48 (1.08, 2.05) | 1.47 (1.06, 2.03) |
| Ethnic ( ref: Malay ) | |||||
| Chinese | 0.79 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.26) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.35) | 0.59 (0.35, 0.99) |
| Indian | 2.22 (1.57, 3.16) | 2.29 (1.60, 3.29) | 2.00 (1.34, 2.96) | 2.12 (1.42, 3.16) | 1.11 (0.56, 2.19) |
| Indigenous | 1.71 (1.31, 2.24) | 1.49 (1.13, 1.98) | 1.46 (1.07, 1.97) | 1.36 (1.00, 1.85) | 0.82 (0.47, 1.43) |
| Married | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) |
| Urban | 0.79 (0.63, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.06) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.10) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) |
| Education ( ref: No schooling ) | |||||
| Primary | 0.70 (0.55, 0.90) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.01) | |
| Secondary + | 0.48 (0.33, 0.71) | 0.53 (0.35, 0.78) | 0.58 (0.39, 0.88) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.91) | |
| Work | 0.54 (0.42, 0.70) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.87) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.86) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.85) | |
| Income sources ( ref: 0 ) | |||||
| 1–2 | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.99) | 0.78 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.00) | |
| 3+ | 0.59 (0.43, 0.81) | 0.52 (0.37, 0.73) | 0.54 (0.38, 0.77) | 0.54 (0.38, 0.77) | |
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
| Physical Limits ( ref: 0 ) | |||||
| 1–2 | 1.44 (1.05, 1.97) | 1.40 (1.01, 1.92) | 1.42 (1.03, 1.96) | ||
| 3+ | 2.46 (1.70, 3.57) | 2.29 (1.57, 3.34) | 2.27 (1.55, 3.30) | ||
| HBP | 1.40 (1.11, 1.76) | 1.41 (1.12, 1.78) | 1.15 (0.84, 1.58) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.68 (1.27, 2.23) | 1.73 (1.31, 2.29) | 1.76 (1.32, 2.33) | ||
| CHD | 2.90 (2.12, 3.96) | 2.98 (2.17, 4.10) | 2.90 (2.10, 4.00) | ||
| Arthritis | 2.19 (1.75, 2.73) | 2.18 (1.74, 2.72) | 1.65 (1.22, 2.24) | ||
| Asthma | 1.99 (1.51, 2.62) | 1.92 (1.45, 2.54) | 1.94 (1.47, 2.58) | ||
| Exercise ( ref: 0 weekly ) | |||||
| 1–3 weekly | 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.05) | |||
| 4+ weekly | 0.60 (0.44, 0.83) | 0.60 (0.43, 0.83) | |||
| Smoke ( ref: Non-smoker ) | |||||
| Previous smoker | 1.28 (0.91, 1.79) | 1.25 (0.89, 1.76) | |||
| Current smoker | 1.21 (0.87, 1.68) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.67) | |||
| Interaction effects | |||||
| HBP by Ethnic | |||||
| HBP by Chinese | 2.09 (1.17, 3.76) | ||||
| HBP by Indian | 0.96 (0.43, 2.10) | ||||
| HBP by Indigenous | 1.45 (0.81, 2.59) | ||||
| Arthritis by Ethnic | |||||
| Arthritis by Chinese | 1.32 (0.74, 2.37) | ||||
| Arthritis by Indian | 3.32 (1.52, 7.24) | ||||
| Arthritis by Indigenous | 1.74 (0.95, 3.22) |
Note: Figures in brackets show 95 percent confidence intervals. Odds ratio in bold indicate significance at 0.05.