Table 2. Chronotype classifications, and descriptive statistics by chronotype.
| Chronotype classification | Age β | Gender β | |||
| evening-type | neutral-type | morning-type | |||
| Study 1 (N = 213) | |||||
| Chronotype | 33 (15.5%)(14/42.4% male) | 133 (62.4%)(44/33.1% male) | 47 (22.1%)(16/34% male) | .215** | .194** (male mean = 14.32; female = 14.99) |
| Age † | 24.06 (6.15)‡ | 23.31 (5.01) | 25.74 (5.69) | − | − |
| Daydrea m Frequency | 34.82 (8.38)‡ | 34.56 (9.44) | 29.62 (9.74) | −.225** | .148* (male mean = 30.36; female = 35.19) |
| PSQI Global | 6.70 (3.08)‡ | 5.86 (2.45) | 5.17 (2.37) | (Component 6,.217**)(Component 7, −.203**) | |
| Study 2 (N = 190 ) | |||||
| Chronotype | 28 (14.7%)(9/32.1% male) | 126 (66.3%)(35/27.8% male) | 36 (18.9%)(8/22.3% male) | .211** | |
| Age † | 22.36 (5.88)‡ | 23.37 (6.27) | 26.25 (8.41) | − | − |
| Mind Wandering | 37.04 (7.89)‡ | 35.94 (5.86) | 33.64 (5.59) | −.143 (p = .054) | |
| PSQI Global | 6.32 (2.31)‡ | 5.87 (2.28) | 5.28 (2.37) | ||
| Study 3 (N = 270) | |||||
| Chronotype | 36 (13.3%)(13/36.1% male) | 201 (74.4%)(55/27.4% male) | 33 (12.2%)(6/18.2% male) | .140* (male mean = 13.69; female = 14.59) | |
| Age † | 19.08 (.84)‡ | 18.89 (.74) | 18.79 (1.02) | − | − |
| Daydrea m Frequency | 37.11 (8.61)‡ | 34.2 (7.99) | 33.00 (7.89) | ||
| Mind Wandering | 39.14 (8.29)‡ | 36.05 (6.14) | 33.61 (7.90) | ||
| PSQI Global | 7.08 (2.32)‡ | 5.62 (2.07) | 5.70 (2.38) | .116 (p = .063)(Component 2,.203**) | |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 10.53 (3.40)‡ | 11.46 (3.37) | 10.58 (4.42) | .113 (p = .063) (male mean = 10.58; female = 11.47) | |
| Problem-solving Daydreams | 38.06 (6.95)‡ | 37.37 (6.48) | 38.82 (6.66) | ||
| Positive Affect | 29.81 (5.53)‡ | 31.20 (5.85) | 34.15 (5.60) | ||
| Negative Affect | 22.61 (5.90)‡ | 21.59 (6.80) | 21.09 (5.79) | .181** | |
†
See Methods section for gender differences.
‡
Mean (standard deviation). *p≤.05; **p≤.01.