Table 1. Distributions of demographic characteristics in 520 controls and 233 patients with urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC).

Variable	Controls (N = 520)	Patients (N = 233)	p value
Age (years)	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.
	52.43±14.67	68.55±11.82	p<0.001
Gender	n (%)	n (%)
Male	426 (81.9%)	149 (63.9%)
Female	94 (18.1%)	84 (36.1%)	p<0.001
Tobacco consumption (Male)
No	224 (52.6%)	84 (56.4%)
Yes	202 (47.4%)	65 (43.6%)	p = 0.424
Tobacco consumption (Female)
No	86 (91.5%)	82 (97.6%)
Yes	8 (8.5%)	2 (2.4%)	p = 0.076
Stage
Superficial tumor (pTa∼pT1)		142 (60.9%)
Invasive tumor (pT2∼pT4)		91 (39.1%)
Tumor T status
T0		65 (27.9%)
T1∼T4		168 (72.1%)
Lymph node status
N0		212 (91.0%)
N1+N2		21 (9.0%)
Metastasis
M0		229 (98.3%)
M1		4 (1.7%)
Histopathologic grading
Low grade		36 (15.5%)
High grade		197 (84.5%)

Mann-Whitney U-test or Fisher’s exact test was used between healthy controls and patients with UCC.