Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by quartiles of total fruit and vegetable intake*
| Characteristics | Quartile
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (low) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Shanghai Women’s Health Study (n = 67,211) | ||||
| Intake range, g/d | < 360 | 360–502 | 502–673 | > 673 |
| Age, years | 53.9 | 51.9 | 51.1 | 50.2 |
| High income†, % | 12.9 | 17.0 | 19.6 | 21.6 |
| High education‡, % | 9.6 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 15.5 |
| Ever smoking, % | 4.4 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Drinking alcohol, % | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 |
| Postmenopausal, % | 54.4 | 45.8 | 43.0 | 39.2 |
| Hormone therapy, % | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 |
| Aspirin use, % | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
| Vitamin E supplement, % | 7.3 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 13.3 |
| Multivitamin supplement, % | 4.6 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 8.7 |
| Baseline diabetes, % | 5.8 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.1 |
| Baseline hypertension, % | 21.4 | 20.0 | 19.3 | 19.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 | 23.8 | 23.8 | 24.0 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/week | 104.5 | 106.2 | 106.8 | 110.4 |
| Dietary intake* | ||||
| Total energy, kJ/d | 6983 | 7100 | 7088 | 6945 |
| Red meat, g/d | 48 | 51 | 49 | 47 |
| Fish and shellfish, g/d | 36 | 46 | 53 | 62 |
| Dietary fiber, g/d | 8 | 10 | 11 | 14 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 47 | 72 | 95 | 141 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 1289 | 1578 | 1813 | 2243 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 233 | 256 | 275 | 310 |
| Shanghai Men’s Health Study (n = 55,474) | ||||
| Intake range, g/d | < 316 | 316–440 | 440–590 | > 590 |
| Age, years | 54.4 | 54.4 | 54.5 | 54.5 |
| High income†, % | 6.3 | 8.6 | 10.6 | 14.0 |
| High education‡, % | 15.7 | 21.0 | 25.4 | 30.0 |
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never | 21.5 | 27.9 | 32.5 | 36.6 |
| Past | 8.3 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 10.5 |
| Current | 70.2 | 62.9 | 57.6 | 52.9 |
| Drinking alcohol, % | ||||
| Never | 63.2 | 66.6 | 67.3 | 67.7 |
| Past | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
| Current | 32.6 | 29.6 | 29.1 | 28.7 |
| Aspirin use, % | 2.4 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 5.5 |
| Vitamin E supplement, % | 2.3 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 6.0 |
| Multivitamin supplement, % | 5.0 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 10.0 |
| Baseline diabetes, % | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.5 |
| Baseline hypertension, % | 24.3 | 25.7 | 26.1 | 28.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 24.0 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/week | 56.0 | 58.2 | 60.3 | 62.7 |
| Dietary intake* | ||||
| Total energy, kJ/d | 8033 | 8109 | 8067 | 7954 |
| Red meat, g/d | 61 | 62 | 62 | 60 |
| Fish and shellfish, g/d | 38 | 47 | 54 | 64 |
| Dietary fiber, g/d | 9 | 10 | 12 | 15 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 50 | 78 | 101 | 150 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 1430 | 1723 | 1965 | 2422 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 271 | 298 | 321 | 363 |
*
Intake values were energy-adjusted using residual method. Data were mean or percentage. P values were all <0.005 (except for drinking P=0.14 in women, and age P=0.71, diabetes P=0.36 in men).
†
High income was defined as family income ≥30,000 Yuan per year for women or personal income ≥2,000 Yuan per month for men.
‡
High education was defined as professional or college education or more.